Ernest Hemingway 1899-1961 “Papa”

Early Experience Dad- highly successful doctor; committed suicide Mom- a singer 5 siblings

World War I Wanted to enter the war but couldn’t because of a bad eye Very disappointed b/c he saw war as exciting and adventurous Joined the Red Cross as an ambulance driver on the Italian front First day- had to carry mutilated bodies out of a factory explosion

World War I cont. Within weeks, he was wounded while passing out chocolate and cigarettes to Italian soldiers in the trenches near the front lines. The explosion knocked Hemingway unconscious, killed an Italian soldier and blew the legs off another.

WWI cont Some say that he saved a wounded man. He received the silver medal of valor that read: "Gravely wounded by numerous pieces of shrapnel from an enemy shell, with an admirable spirit of brotherhood, before taking care of himself, he rendered generous assistance to the Italian soldiers more seriously wounded by the same explosion and did not allow himself to be carried elsewhere until after they had been evacuated."

WWI cont. Hemingway described his injuries to a friend of his: "There was one of those big noises you sometimes hear at the front. I died then. I felt my soul or something coming right out of my body, like you'd pull a silk handkerchief out of a pocket by one corner. It flew all around and then came back and went in again and I wasn't dead any more."

WWI cont. While in the hospital, Hemingway met a nurse, Agnes von Kurowsky. His relationship with her and his recovery in the hospital inspired his novel A Farewell To Arms.

Hemingway quotes on war “But in modern war you will die like a dog for no good reason.” “Never think that war, no matter how necessary, not how justified, is not a crime.”

Journalist Wrote for the Kansas City Star Was a war correspondent for the Spanish Civil War and WWII Style is simple, clean, short; came to “distrust adjectives” “My aim is to put down on paper what I see and what I feel in the best and simplest way.”

Hemingway’s style Mix of realism and romanticism Iceberg theory "If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water."

If it is any use to know it, I always try to write on the principle of the iceberg. There is seven-eighths of it underwater for every part that shows. Anything you know you can eliminate and it only strengthens your iceberg. It is the part that doesn't show. If a writer omits something because he does not know it then there is a hole in the story.

Hobbies Often reflected in his writing- hunting, fishing, bull-fighting, boxing, nature

Lost Generation Generation that came back from the war feeling aimless, disillusioned, and “lost” “The World War seemed to destroy for many the idea that if you acted properly, good things would happen. But so many good young men went to war and died, or returned damaged, both physically and mentally, that their faith in the moral guideposts that had given them hope before, were no longer valid...they were ‘Lost.’"

Lost Generation A name to describe all the disillusioned young men who had survived World War I and who seemed to end up in France with no real purpose, but because of its relatively low cost of living. Hemingway’s novel The Sun Also Rises- a novel about The Lost Generation Hemingway himself lived abroad with other authors and artists- Fitzgerald, TS Eliot, Ezra Pound, James Joyce

Hemingway Hero Someone for whom life is a battle Someone who displays grace & dignity under pressure Usually wounded physically or mentally Plays “the game” well, even in defeat

Hemingway women Two types: Perfection The 5-lettered word Which is Brett?

Hemingway’s works The Sun Always Rises- Lost Generation, Paris, Spain, bull-fighting For Whom the Bell Tolls- Spanish Civil War Old Man and the Sea- won the Pulizer Prize in 1952 Won the Nobel Prize in 1954 Snows of Kilamanjaro- book of short stories of adventures in Africa; “Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber”

Later life Four marriages, all ended in divorce Major health issues, alcoholism Committed suicide at age 62

“In Another Country” What device is used in the first two paragraphs? What is its effect? Why does the narrator feel isolated from the other soldiers with medals? What is the purpose of the major? How does H. create distance between the major and the narrator on page 3? Identify the two most powerful lines of the story. What makes them so powerful?

“In Another Country” Can soldiers ever be “human” again? Are they ever whole, mentally, physically? Will they be able to believe or hope again? Is it worth it??? ACK!!

“Soldier’s Home” Tally the number of times the word “lost” is used. What is its effect? Of what is Kreb’s mom afraid? What is Kreb’s trouble with girls? Analyze why this might be the case. Explain Kreb’s difference in attitude towards his mother and sister—why is this the case? Identify the two most powerful lines of the story. What makes them so powerful?

The Sun Also Rises Based on the two short stories, “In Another Country” and “Soldier’s Home,” what can we surmise about any Hemingway character who has been to war? How might they have fared physically, mentally, emotionally?

The Sun Also Rises Set in Europe—expats in Paris; vacation to Spain for San Fermin (the Running of the Bulls) Jake is a WWI vet; he has an injury—can you figure out what it is? Pay attention to dialogue and how it builds character—what is said about and by each character? **Remember, H is not going to spell it out for you; he is going to make you WORK!! Don’t be a cheater and read Spark Notes!! 

The Three Words: aficion/aficionado: probably the most important word in the novel. It is Spanish, but aficionado has become a common English word. Aficion means passion, and in the context of the novel, a particular and authentic passion for bullfighting. An aficionado is a person possessed of this passion. Hemingway uses the word to distinguish between those who truly understand bullfighting in its almost religious sense and those who are mere spectators who enjoy the blood and the drama. In common English usage, an aficionado is someone who is passionate about, or an expert in, some activity. Ms. Kitchens, for example, is a food aficionado.

The Three Words: steer: a castrated bull used by bullfighting ranches to calm down the fighting bulls. utilize: normally, it is simply a Latinate synonym for use. But in this novel, the way Hemingway uses it, it might be the third-most important word. It will become your favorite word, but don't tell your parents.