Laryngeal reinnervation in the horse

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Presentation transcript:

Laryngeal reinnervation in the horse Ian C Fulton, BVSc, MS, MACVS, John A Stick, DVM, Fredrik J Derksen, DVM, PhD Veterinary Clinics: Equine Practice Volume 19, Issue 1, Pages 189-208 (April 2003) DOI: 10.1016/S0749-0739(02)00073-1

Fig. 1 Section of omohyoideus muscle (original magnification ×100) from a nerve muscle pedicle graft after cholinesterase staining demonstrating motor end plates (small arrows) on individual muscle fibers. Inset: a single motor end plate (original magnification ×400). Veterinary Clinics: Equine Practice 2003 19, 189-208DOI: (10.1016/S0749-0739(02)00073-1)

Fig. 2 While standing on a stool, the operator has the horse's head elevated by a handler using a twitch handle as an aid in extension. Moving the horse's head up and down quickly in this manner often produces a spontaneous movement of the left arytenoid cartilage. Veterinary Clinics: Equine Practice 2003 19, 189-208DOI: (10.1016/S0749-0739(02)00073-1)

Fig. 3 The handler places a finger at the commissure of the horse's lips and pulls back quickly and firmly to stimulate movement of the reinnervated arytenoid cartilage, which is visible via endoscopy. The reflex works on either side of the mouth. Veterinary Clinics: Equine Practice 2003 19, 189-208DOI: (10.1016/S0749-0739(02)00073-1)

Fig. 4 The internal pulse generator used in the two pilot horses with the four-point bipolar electrode (inset) to which the first cervical nerve was attached. Veterinary Clinics: Equine Practice 2003 19, 189-208DOI: (10.1016/S0749-0739(02)00073-1)