Scientific Revolution Does the Sun revolve around the Earth? Does the Earth move? Is the sun the center of the universe? Questions debated by thinkers far more brilliant than myself. Let’s take a closer look!

Geocentric Or Heliocentric?? Ptolemy vs. Copernicus

Copernicus 1473-1543 1492 @ University of Krakow, Poland—his career begins He believes… The earth is round Rotates on its axis Revolves around the sun The sun is the center of the universe De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543-heliocentric model)

Tycho Brahe Danish Astronomer 1546-1601 Did not embrace Copernicus’s view of the universe Advocated an earth centered system (Mercury and Venus revolve around the sun, but the moon, the sun and other planets revolve around the earth) De nova stella 1573 Created more extensive scientific instruments Successors would use them to construct new astronomical data Questionable death…let’s read more

Kepler German astronomer & mathematician (1571-1630) A Protestant—not subject to Catholic belief Planets travel in oval paths—ellipses (1609) Astronomia nova Based on his 10 year investigation of mars Planets do not travel at the same speed Move faster as they approach the sun and slower as they move away from it Kepler

Bacon 1561-1626 English Philosopher Credited for formulating the scientific method (1620) Induction Experimentation Interpretation of data A scientific truth is not assumed—it is deduced from observations and a series of experiments--Empiricism

Bacon & Empiricism Father of Empiricism— The use of experiment and observation derived from sensory evidence to construct scientific theory or philosophy of knowledge Novum Organum (1620)—attacks scholastic thinkers (reduction and inductive reason) Human knowledge should produce useful results—deeds rather than words

Galileo 1564-1642 Italian mathematician Built his own telescope The Starry Messenger 1610 Discovered moons circling a planet Agreed with Copernicus Heliocentric model Published his ideas in 1632 Pope Urban VIII demanded him to stand trial and recant his theories Helped establish the universal laws of physics Law of inertia—an object remains in rest or a straight line motion unless an external force is applied

Rene Descartes 1596-1650 Invented analytic geometry Developed a scientific method that relied more on deduction than empirical observation and induction Discourse on Method (1637)—deduced the existence of God (God given reason could not be false) Reason can comprehend the world Lost favor to scientific induction—generalizations from testing hypotheses and empirical observations "Je pense, donc je suis" "I think, therefore I am"

Newton 1642-1727 English scientist & mathematician Gravity Universal gravitation (1687—Principia) Keeps objects from flying off the earth Holds the entire solar system together Developed calculus to prove his theory (calculating changing forces or quantities)

Paracelsus 1493-1541 professor of medicine at Basel made advances in chemistry his system of iatrochemistry (medicine) was a mixture of observed fact and superstition

Robert Boyle (1627-1691) Establishes Chemistry as a pure science Defines an element as material that cannot be broken down into a simpler form by chemical means

Andreas Vesalius “The Body Snatcher” 1514-1564 Dissected human bodies Made ground breaking discoveries in anatomy published his work in On the Structure of the Human Body (1543)

William Harvey (1578-1657) An English Physician Concluded that blood circulates throughout the body Pumped by the heart and returns through the veins The Circulation of the Blood (1628) Paved the way for exact anatomical science

Margaret Cavendish 1623-1673 Duchess of Newcastle Understood the new science Quarreled with the ideas of Descartes and Hobbes Criticized the Royal Society for being more interested in scientific Instruments than in solving human problems Only woman in the 17th century to be allowed to visit a meeting of the Royal Society of London Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy 1666

Midwives Midwives across Europe oversaw the delivery of children well into the 18th century Trade pursued by elderly or widowed women of low social classes (apprenticeship lasted several years) Women believed that if their attending midwives were not of good character their own babies might be still born or imperfectly formed Licensure could be revoked 18th century—taken over by men!