Cardiovascular and Circulatory System By: Jessica Tzeng, Lily Ou, and Annie Tan

Cardiovascular System Moves fluid to tissues and cells for exchange Provides body cells with oxygen, nutrients, and filters waste Three components: Blood Vessels Heart

Open vs. Closed Open Circulatory System: Closed Circulatory System: Blood goes directly to organs Blood and lymph combine to form hemolymph and heart pumps hemolymph into sinuses (cavities) Closed Circulatory System: Blood is contained within vessels and pumped around the body Blood is separate from the interstitial fluid

Open vs. Closed

Different Circulatory Paths

Blood vessels Arteries Veins Capillaries Carry blood away from the heart and branch into smaller arterioles Walls are relatively thick and include significant amount of smooth muscle Veins Carry blood back to heart Valves prevent backflow Capillaries Microscopic vessels where diffusion occurs Composed of endothelium (single layer of cells)

Heart Chambers Atria Ventricles Heart chambers that receive blood Passes blood to ventricles Ventricles Receive blood from atria Pump blood to rest of the body

Human Cardiovascular System The Human Heart Fist-sized Two sides, with a total of 4 chambers Upper two chambers are the atria Receive blood from circulation Lower two chambers are the ventricles Pump blood away from heart

The Human Cardiovascular System two major pathways: Pulmonary Circuit takes oxygen-poor blood to the lungs returns oxygen-rich blood to the heart Systemic Circuit takes oxygen-rich blood from the heart to tissues throughout the body returns oxygen-poor blood to the heart through the vena cava

The Path of Blood Systemic Circulation: Pulmonary Circulation: Lungs -> Pulmonary vein -> Left atrium -> Left AV valve -> Left ventricle -> aorta -> arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries -> all the cells in the body -> go back to the heart (low on oxygen) Pulmonary Circulation: Right atrium -> Right AV valve -> Right ventricle -> Pulmonary semilunar valve -> Pulmonary artery -> Lungs -> Pulmonary vein -> Left atrium

Path of Blood CO2 O2 jugular vein (also subclavian vein from arms) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. CO2 O2 jugular vein (also subclavian vein from arms) carotid artery (also subclavian artery to arms) Path of Blood CO2 O2 O2 CO2 lungs pulmonary artery pulmonary vein superior vena cava aorta heart inferior vena cava hepatic vein mesenteric arteries liver digestive tract hepatic portal vein renal artery renal vein kidneys Iliac vein iliac artery CO2 O2

Other Terms Cardiac Cycle SA node  pacemaker of the heart AV node Complete cycle of contraction and relaxation of the heart Contraction phase= systole Relaxation phase= diastole SA node  pacemaker of the heart Sets the rate at which cardiac muscles contract AV node Delays the impulses from the SA note to allow atria to completely empty before the ventricles contract

Blood Components Plasma  mostly water Transports nutrients, metabolic wastes, gases, and hormones Includes: Platelets responsible for blood clotting White blood cells Part of the immune system Red Blood Cells transport oxygen via hemoglobin Biconcave disks  increases surface area Lack nuclei  increases space for hemoglobin Lacks mitochondria  oxygen carried isn’t consumed

Blood Types Four blood groups: Wrong blood can be fatal A, B, AB, and O Wrong blood can be fatal Red blood cells will clump if exposed to wrong blood type; blood contains antibodies that bind and destroy foreign blood O is universal donor AB is universal recipient