Effect of Gender on Color Deficiencies Louis Costello 10th Grade Springfield High School

Rationale Biology Color Deficient Colleagues Future Career Opportunities Optometrist Ophthalmologist

Human Eye

Research Trichromacy Anomalous Trichromacy Protanomaly/Protanopia Red Deuteranomaly/Deuteranopia Green Tritanomaly/Tritanopia Blue Trichromacy = normal vision (all 3 cones work properly) Deuteranomaly most common Tritanomaly extremely rare, blue/yellow, NOT sex linked (chromosome 7)

Research Dr. N. S. Gordon (1998) Cheshire, England Physiology of Color Vision Testing for impaired color vision Color Deficiency Tests Ishihara Color Deficiency Test

Research Ishihara Color Deficiency Test Normal: 29 Deficiency: 70

Research Statistics – Color Deficiencies 8-11% of Males 0.5% of Females

Research Curt Stern, Gordon L. Walls University of California Cunier Pedigree of Color Blindness Occurrence of color deficiencies 5-generation pedigree X-Chromosome Explained in speech. “Study, looked into pedigree, analyzed occurrence of color deficiencies in a family going back 5 generations. Found color deficiencies x-linked, etc.” I explain how within this study it explains the genetics behind color blindness and the x-chromosome

Research X Y X’ X’X’ X’ Y X’X X’Y Punnet Square X-Linked Females require 2 recessive 1 to be a carrier Males require 1 recessive X Y X’ X’X’ X’ Y X’X X’Y ‘ - Recessive Allele

Hypothesis If subjects are of male gender, then they are more likely than females to have a color deficiency. Due to x-chromosome linkage

Materials 505 Test Subjects Google Forms Ishihara Test Plates Computer (with Internet access)

Procedure Establish Controls Create Survey Controls Variable Groups Correct combination of answers to Ishihara test Variable Groups Group of female subjects Group of male subjects Create Survey Ishihara Color Deficiency Test Google Forms Equal amount of male and female subjects. 255 f:248m 50.7%f:49.3%m

Procedure Complete Human Subject Protocol Forms Conduct Control Test Instruct subjects to complete the survey Analyze Data Draw Conclusions

Data & Analysis Participants with Color Deficiency 42 Total Participants 505 Percentage of Color Deficient Subjects 8.32%

Data & Analysis Male Female 26 16

Data & Analysis Male Female With Deficiency 26 16 Total 248 255 10.48% 6.27% Global Statistics 8-11% 0.5%

Conclusion Hypothesis is supported Improvements Future Projects

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