Commercial revolution

Between 1000 and 1300 Agriculture Trade Finance Towns and cities grew Population growth Territorial expansion

Growing food supply Need better ways of farming Switch to horsepower Oxen were easy to keep Horses could provide better production Three-Field System Organize lands Two were planted, one lay fallow (2/3 vs 1/2) Villagers had more to eat Population grew, life expectancy increased

The guilds Organization of individuals in the same business or occupation working to improve the economic and social conditions of its members Merchants Control the number of goods being traded Provided security Craft Guilds Skilled artisans Quality of work Wages Working conditions Established wealth and position in society Craft Guilds - Wheelwrights - Glassmakers - Winemakers - Tailors - Druggists

Apprentice Parents paid for training Lived with a master and his family Required to obey the master Trained 2-7 years Was not allowed to marry during training When trained progressed to journeyman

Journeymen Day worker Worked for a master to earn a salary Worked 6 days a week Needed to produce a masterpiece (his finest work) to become a master Had to be accepted by the guild to become a master

Master Owned his own shop Worked with other masters to protect their trade Sometimes served in civic governments

Guild services To Members: To the Community Set working conditions Built almshouses for victims of misfortune Covered members with a type of health insurance Guaranteed quality work Provided funeral expenses Took turns policing the streets Provided dowries for poor girls Donated windows to the Church

Fairs and trade Most trade took place in the towns Fairs held during religious festivals Cloth was the most common trade item Self-sufficient manor system no longer needed Foreign goods popular Trade routes from England to Italy Merchants willing to take risks Buying merchandise that they could sell at a profit Reinvested the profits in more good

Business and banking Needed cash and credit to exchange different types of currencies Established exchange rates Letters of credit Eliminated the need to carry large amounts of cash Made trade easier Trading firms started to form Had to borrow money

Serfs move to town; workers paid for labor Increased Trade More Workers Needed Serfs move to town; workers paid for labor More cash, banking, and lending services available More money available for building businesses Merchants’ wealth and power expand Merchants’ taxes increase the king’s power and wealth

Urban life Population grew from 30 million to 42 million within 150 years As trade grew – cities and towns grew Streets narrow and dirty No sewers Little bathing and no clean or fresh water Many people wanted better opportunities

Revival of learning New interest in learning Europeans able to acquire new knowledge New European institution The University Vernacular Brought literature to many people

Medieval Fashion Integral to status Wool clothing Linen undergarments Signs of wealth Brighter colors, better materials, longer jacket length Peasants Stockings or tunics Wimples for hair Outer clothing rarely washed Fur was used often

Homework!!!! Read pgs. 244-249 in the textbook Complete the graphic organizer. Read page 260 in the textbook (The Reconquista) take notes on the back of graphic organizer. Due: Thursday 9/20