Do Now What is the central dogma of biology? How does a codon and anti-codon interact? Which type of RNA are they on? What does this mean? HEC ATH ITT HER AT

MUTATIONS Changes in the genetic material of an organism Mutations can happen on the chromosome or on specific DNA sequences

NOT ALL MUTATIONS ARE HARMFUL

2 Types of Mutations Mutations that happen on the chromosome are called chromosomal mutations Mutations that happen at specific base pair sequences are called base-pair mutations

Base-pair mutations 2 TYPES: Point Mutations Frameshift mutations

Frameshift What happened here? ATH ECA THI TTH ERA T

Frameshift Mutation When the whole reading frame for the DNA shifts This is caused by either an insertion or a Deletion

Mutation S THE CAT HIT THA RAT Silent Mutation: new codon codes for the same amino acid

Mutation M THE CAT HAT THE RAT Missense mutation: New codon codes for a different amino acid

Mutation N THE CAT Nonsense: new codon codes for a stop codon

Think What was similar about the three mutations we just went over? (Silent, Missense, Nonsense)

Point Mutations When a single nucleotide is changed What will this affect? 3 types of point mutations

Types of Point Mutations Nonsense Missense Silent New codon codes for a different amino acid New codon codes for the same amino acid New codon codes for a stop codon

Try to identify the type of mutation PRACTICE Try to identify the type of mutation

POINT

POINT

Frameshift

Chromosomal Mutations Deletion Removes parts of chromosomes Duplication When a segment repeats

Chromosomal Mutations Inversion When a segment reverses Translocation Moves a segment from one chromosome to another