EnE 301: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 3.0 Air Pollution and Control 3.1 Physical and Chemical Fundamentals 3.2 Major Air Pollutants and their Effects 3.3 Origin and Fate of Air Pollutants 3.4 Micro and Macro Air Pollution and Meteorology 3.5 Atmospheric Dispersion and Air Quality Model 3.6 Air Pollution Control of Stationary and Mobile Sources 3.7 Clean Air Act of 1999- RA8749 and Its Implementing Rules and Regulations

National Ambient Air Quality Standards National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) have been established for criteria pollutants which consist of six primary pollutants and one secondary pollutant. The six primary criteria pollutants, or pollutants that are emitted directly to the atmosphere, are carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulates PM10 and PM2.5, sulfur oxides (SOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and lead. The secondary criteria pollutant is ground-level ozone, and is called a secondary pollutant because it is formed through photochemical reactions between VOCs, NOx, and sunlight. Therefore, ground-level ozone is not emitted directly to the atmosphere, but formed only after its precursors have been emitted and photochemically react. NAAQS were set by the U.S. EPA based on 2 criteria: primary standards for the protection of human health and secondary standards for the protection of the public well-being. Hydrologist- able to calculate or estimate various components of the hydrologic cycle to properly design water resource projects.

Secondary standards can be related to non-health effects such as such as vegetation and livestock. These standards differ in that the primary standards are designed to directly protect human health, while the secondary standards are designed to protect the quality of life. Hydrologist- able to calculate or estimate various components of the hydrologic cycle to properly design water resource projects.

Effects of Air Pollution on Health Respiratory System The respiratory system is the primary indicator of air pollution effects in humans. The major organs of the respiratory system are the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. The nose, pharynx, larynx, and trachea together are called the upper respiratory tract (URT). The primary effects of air pollution on the URT are aggravation of the sense of smell and inactivation of the sweeping motion of cilia, which remove mucus and entrapped particles. The lower respiratory tract (LRT) consists of branching structures known as bronchi and lung itself, which is composed of grape-like clusters of sacs called alveoli. The alveoli are approximately 300 mm in diameter. Hydrologist- able to calculate or estimate various components of the hydrologic cycle to properly design water resource projects.

Inhalation and Retention of Particles The degree of penetration of particles into the LRT is primarily a function of the size of the particles and rate of breathing. Particles greater than 5 to 10 mm are screened out by hairs in the nose. Sneezing also helps the screening process. Particles in the 1 to 2 mm size range penetrate to the alveoli. Several long-term diseases of the respiratory system are seriously aggravated and caused by air pollution. Airway resistance is the narrowing of air passage because of the presence of irritating substances resulting in difficulty of breathing. Bronchial asthma is a form of airway resistance that results from an allergy. Asthma attack is the result of the narrowing of the bronchioles because of swelling of the mucous membrane and thickening of the secretions. Chronic bronchitis happens when excess mucus in bronchioles results in cough for three months a year for 2 consecutive years. Pulmonary emphysema is characterized by a breakdown of the alveoli. Lung cancer is characterized by abnormal, disorderly new cell growth originating in the bronchial mucus membrane. Hydrologist- able to calculate or estimate various components of the hydrologic cycle to properly design water resource projects.

Hazardous Air Pollutants Carbon Monoxide Colorless, odorless gas which is lethal to humans within a few minutes at concentrations exceeding 5,000 ppm. CO reacts with hemoglobin in the blood to form carboxyhemoglobin which deprives the body from oxygen. 5 to 10% of COHb causes visual perception, manual dexterity. and ability to learn impairment. The degree of penetration of particles into the LRT is primarily a function of the size of the particles and rate of breathing. The sensitive populations are those with heart and circulatory ailments, chronic pulmonary disease and developing fetuses. Hazardous Air Pollutants Hydrologist- able to calculate or estimate various components of the hydrologic cycle to properly design water resource projects. Examples of HAPs are asbestos, arsenic, benzene, coke oven emissions, and radionuclides which cause cancer. Mercury attacks the brain and kidneys. Other potential effects of HAPs are birth defects and damage to the immune and nervous system.

Early manifestation of acute lead poisoning is a mild anemia. Lead is a cumulative poison ingested in food and water as well as being inhaled. Of the ingested lead, 5 to 10% is absorbed in the body while 20 to 50% of the inspired portion is absorbed. Portions that are not absorbed are excreted in the feces and urine. Lead is measured in the urine and blood. Early manifestation of acute lead poisoning is a mild anemia. Fatigue, irritability, mild headache occur when blood level of lead increases to 60 to 120 mg/100g of whole blood. Blood levels in excess of 80 mg/100g result in constipation and abdominal cramps. When acute exposure results in blood levels of lead greater than 120 mg/100g, acute brain damage (encephalopathy) may result. Such acute exposure results in convulsions, coma, cardio-respiratory arrest, and death. Atmospheric lead occurs as a particulate with particle size ranging between 0.16 to 0.43 mm. Hydrologist- able to calculate or estimate various components of the hydrologic cycle to properly design water resource projects.

At 5 ppm it has pungent sweetish odor. Nitrogen Dioxide Exposure to NO2 concentrations above 5 ppm for 15 minutes results in cough and irritation of the respiratory tract. Continued exposure may produce an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the lung. The gas is reddish brown in concentrated form and gives a brownish yellow tint at a lower concentration. At 5 ppm it has pungent sweetish odor. The average NO2 concentration in tobacco smoke is approximately 5 ppm. Sulfur Oxides Hydrologist- able to calculate or estimate various components of the hydrologic cycle to properly design water resource projects. Sulfur oxides include sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfur trioxide (SO3), and their acids. Patients suffering from chronic bronchitis have shown an increase in respiratory symptoms when TSP levels exceeded 350 mg/m3 and the SO2 level was above 0.095 ppm.