Hellenic Open University Physics Laboratory School of Science and Technology Hellenic Open University KM3NeT detector optimization with HOU simulation and reconstruction software Event reconstruction in underwater neutrino telescopes suffers from a high background noise. Adaptive algorithms are able to suppress automatically such a noise and therefore are considered as good candidates for track fitting at the KM3NeT environment. Adaptive algorithms, based on Kalman Filter methods, are extensively used in accelerator particle physics experiments, for event filtering, track reconstruction and vertex definition. In this note we describe an iterative event filtering and track reconstruction technique, employing Kalman Filter methods and we present results from a detailed simulation study concerning the KM3NeT detector. We evaluate the accuracy of this technique and we compare its efficiency with other standard track reconstruction methods. A. G. Tsirigotis WP2 - Paris, 10-11 December 2008 In the framework of the KM3NeT Design Study

The HOU software chain Underwater Detector Generation of atmospheric muons and neutrino events (F77) Detailed detector simulation (GEANT4-GDML) (C++) Optical noise and PMT response simulation (F77) Filtering Algorithms (F77 –C++) Muon reconstruction (C++) Calibration (Sea top) Detector Atmospheric Shower Simulation (CORSIKA) – Unthinning Algorithm (F77) Detailed Scintillation Counter Simulation (GEANT4) (C++) – Fast Scintillation Counter Simulation (F77) Reconstruction of the shower direction (F77) Muon Transportation to the Underwater Detector (C++) Estimation of: resolution, offset (F77)

Earth Event Generation – Flux Parameterization Atmospheric Muon Generation (CORSIKA Files, Parametrized fluxes ) μ ν ν Neutrino Interaction Events Atmospheric Neutrinos (Bartol Flux) Cosmic Neutrinos (AGN – GRB – GZK and more) Earth Shadowing of neutrinos by Earth Survival probability

GEANT4 Simulation – Detector Description Any detector geometry can be described in a very effective way Use of Geomery Description Markup Language (GDML-XML) software package All the relevant physics processes are included in the simulation (NO SCATTERING) Fast Simulation EM Shower Parameterization Number of Cherenkov Photons Emitted (~shower energy) Angular and Longitudal profile of emitted photons Detector components Particle Tracks and Hits Visualization

Simulation of the PMT response to optical photons Arrival Pulse Time resolution Quantum Efficiency Standard electrical pulse for a response to a single p.e. Πρότυπος παλμός Single Photoelectron Spectrum mV

(Vx,Vy,Vz) pseudo-vertex Prefit, filtering and muon reconstruction algorithms Local (storey) Coincidence (Applicable only when there are more than one PMT looking towards the same hemisphere) Global clustering (causality) filter Local clustering (causality) filter Prefit and Filtering based on clustering of candidate track segments (Direct Walk) dm L-dm (Vx,Vy,Vz) pseudo-vertex dγ d Track Parameters θ : zenith angle φ: azimuth angle (Vx,Vy,Vz): pseudo-vertex coordinates θc (x,y,z) Χ2 fit without taking into account the charge (number of photons) Kalman Filter (novel application in this area) Charge – Direction Likelihood

State vector Initial estimation Kalman Filter application to track reconstruction State vector Initial estimation Update Equations Kalman Gain Matrix Updated residual and chi-square contribution (timing uncertainty)

Initial estimates for the state vector and covariance matrix Kalman Filter – Muon Track Reconstruction - Algorithm Filtering Prediction Extrapolate the state vector Update the state vector Update the covariance matrix Extrapolate the covariance matrix Calculate the residual of predictions Decide to include or not the measurement (rough criterion) Calculate the contribution of the filtered point Decide to include or not the measurement (precise criterion) The algorithm of muon track reconstruction is the following: First we must provide the algorithm with initial estimates fot the state vector and coavariance matrix At each step we extrapolate the state vector and each covariance matrix using previous knowledge and we calculate the residuals of the predictions. Using these residuals we decide to include or not the current measurement. At the stage of the filtering we update the state vector and its covariance matrix using the information provided by the current hit, and calculating the chi-square contribution of the hit we have a more accurate criterion for the qauality of the hit. Initial estimates for the state vector and covariance matrix

Charge Likelihood Hit charge in PEs Mean expected number of Pes (depends on distance form track and PMT orientation) Not a poisson distribution)

Geometry: 10920 OMs in a hexagonal grid. 91 Towers seperated by 130m, 20 floors each. 30m between floors Tower Geometry Floor Geometry 20 floors per tower 30m seperation Between floors 10,8,6,3m 30m 45o 45o

Optical Module 10 inch PMT housed in a 17inch benthos sphere 35%Maximum Quantum Efficiency Genova ANTARES Parametrization for angular acceptance 50KHz of K40 optical noise

Results Neutrino Angular resolution (no cuts applied)

Results Neutrino effective area (no cuts applied)

Results Efficiency of cuts Min compatible tracks = 25 Number of misreconstructed muons per day Number of reconstructed atmospheric neutrinos per day Ratio = (muons)/(neutrinos) (%) 1 hour of generated atmospheric muons

Results Effective Area and angular resolution : Without applying any cuts Applying the cuts that give zero misreconstructed atmospheric muons per day: Likelihod < 1.0 and Minimum number of combatible tracks 40

Results Number of reconstructed atmospheric neutrinos per day vs Neutrino Energy: Without applying any cuts Applying the cuts that give zero misreconstructed atmospheric muons per day: Likelihod < 1.0 and Minimum number of combatible tracks 40

Conclusions Kalman Filter is a promising new way for filtering and reconstruction for KM3NeT However for the rejection of badly misreconstructed tracks additional cuts must be applied The conclusion is that the operation of 3 such stations for 10 days will provide: The determination of a possible offset with an accuracy ~ 0.05 deg The determination of the absolute position of the ν-detector with an accuracy ~ 0.6 m Calibration system and assuming that the n-Telescope resolution in determining the zenith angle of a muon track is about 0.1 degrees and the impact about 2 meters, Presented by Apostolos G. Tsirigotis Email: tsirigotis@eap.gr

Kalman Filter – Basics (Linear system) Definitions Vector of parameters describing the state of the system (State vector) a priori estimation of the state vector based on the previous (k-1) measurements Estimated state vector after inclusion of the kth measurement (hit) (a posteriori estimation) Measurement k Equation describing the evolution of the state vector (System Equation): Track propagator In this techqnique the state vector of the system is estimated using progressively one measurement after the other. The apriori estimation of the state vector is based on the previous (k-1) measurements, while the a posteriori estimation of the state vector is update after inclusion of the next kth measurement. The equation ….. The measurement … Process noise (e.g. multiple scattering) Measurement equation: Projection (in measurement space) matrix Measurement noise

Kalman Filter – Basics (Linear system) Prediction (Estimation based on previous knowledge) Extrapolation of the state vector Extrapolation of the covariance matrix Residual of predictions (criterion to decide the quality of the measurement) In the first stage of prediction we extrapolate the state vector using previous knowledge, meaning all the previous (k-1) measurements And we also extrapolate its covariance matrix. The estimated residual of the prediction of the kth measurement can be used as a rough criterion to decide if we will include or not the measurement. Covariance matrix of predicted residuals

Kalman Filter – Basics (Linear system) Filtering (Update equations) where, is the Kalman Gain Matrix In the next stage of the filtering we update the state vector and its covariance matrix to its current value using the next kth measurement The filtered residuals, which is the difference of the kth measurement with the one predicted using the update state vector, can be used to calculate the chisquare contribution of this measurement. This is used as a more precise criterion to decide the quality of the measurement and to include it or not Filtered residuals: Contribution of the filtered point: (criterion to decide the quality of the measurement)

Kalman Filter – (Non-Linear system) Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) Know the equations I quoted are valid for linear systems, where the state vector propagate linearly from one measurement to the next, and the projection of the state vector to the measurement space is a linear transfromation. In the case our system is not linear several extension of the KF have been developed the previous years. One approach is to aproximate the system and measurement equation with linear ones using Taylor expansion around the estimated state vector at the previous step. One other more accurate approach is the one called UKF, a method for calculating the statistics of a random variable which undergoes a non-linear transformation Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) A new extension of the Kalman Filter to nonlinear systems, S. J. Julier and J. K. Uhlmann (1997)

Kalman Filter Extensions – Gaussian Sum Filter (GSF) Approximation of proccess or measurement noise by a sum of Gaussians Run several Kalman filters in parallel one for each Gaussian component t-texpected

Kalman Filter – Muon Track Reconstruction Pseudo-vertex State vector Zenith angle Azimuth angle Hit Arrival time Measurement vector Hit charge System Equation: In the application of the KF to the muon track reconstruction the state vector is a 5-dimensional vector consisting from the pseudovertex, zenith and azimuth abgle, While the measurement vector includes the hit arrival time and charge. The system equation is an identity equation, in this case of parameter estimation, meaning that the state vector does not change theoretically from one measurement to the next one. We also do not include proces noise since multiple …. The measurement equation is a non-linear one , and we use the method of UKF. Track Propagator=1 (parameter estimation) No Process noise (multiple scattering negligible for Eμ>1TeV) Measurement equation: