Fundamental Concepts GLY 4310 Spring, 2012

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Presentation transcript:

Fundamental Concepts GLY 4310 Spring, 2012 Petrology Lecture 1 Fundamental Concepts GLY 4310 Spring, 2012

Major Subdivisions of the Earth

Seismic Wave Velocities versus Depth Variation in P and S wave velocities with depth. Compositional subdivisions of the Earth are on the left Rheological subdivisions on the right After Kearey and Vine (1990), Global Tectonics. © Blackwell Scientific. Oxford.

Composition of the Earth Element Weight Percent Atom percent Volume percent O 46.60 62.55 ≈ 94 Si 26.72 21.22┐ Al 8.13 6.47│ Fe 5.00 1.92│ Ca 3.63 1.94├ ≈ 6 Na 2.83 2.64│ K 2.59 1.42│ Mg 2.09 1.84┘ Ti 0.44 H 0.14 P 0.10

Abundance of Elements

Geotherms Figure 1.11 Estimates of oceanic (blue curves) and continental shield (red curves) geotherms to a depth of 300 km. The thickness of mature (> 100Ma) oceanic lithosphere is hatched and that of continental shield lithosphere is yellow. Data from Green and Falloon ((1998), Green & Ringwood (1963), Jaupart and Mareschal (1999), McKenzie et al. (2005 and personal communication), Ringwood (1966), Rudnick and Nyblade (1999), Turcotte and Schubert (2002).

Geobarometric Gradient P increases = ρgh Nearly linear through mantle ~ 30 MPa/km » 1 GPa at base of average crust Core: ρ increases more rapidly since alloy more dense

Tectonics and Magma Generation 5. Back-arc Basins 6. Ocean Island Basalts 7. Miscellaneous Intra- Continental Activity Kimberlites, Carbonatites, Anorthosites... 1. Mid-ocean Ridges 2. Intracontinental Rifts 3. Island Arcs 4. Active Continental Margins