KEY CONCEPT Entire genomes are sequenced, studied, and compared.

Gene sequencing: Determining the sequence of a gene or an entire genome The genomes of several different organisms have been sequenced

Study of entire genomes can include the sequencing of the genome Compare genomes within & across species to find similarities & differences among different organisms Genomics:

Human Genome Project: Sequenced entire human genome analyzed DNA from a few people still working on identifying all genes, finding their locations & determining their functions

Bioinformatics: Using computer databases to organize & analyze the vast amounts of data that result from studies of genetics (and other biological information)

DNA microarrays: Allow scientists to study the expression of many genes at one time Used to compare gene expression in different types of cells

Proteomics: the study & comparison of proteins within & across species Used to study evolutionary relationships & human diseases

Summary of these techniques: Bioinformatics is the use of computer databases to organize and analyze biological data. DNA microarrays are used to study the expression of many genes at once. Proteomics is the study and comparison of proteins