Darwin’s theory of Evolution by Natural Selection WITH YOUR HANDS

Struggle for Existence.”-Malthus http://www.lifeprint.com/asl101/gifs-animated/struggle.gif ”There is a Struggle for Existence.”-Malthus

V ”There is variation among species. No two individuals are exactly alike.”

Rock Pocket Mice

O “Over time…months, thousands of years, millions of years, many generations…”

“The environment Changes.” Food, climate, shelter (hiding places), predators

“Those organisms with the most advantageous Traits …” Color, size, shape

Rock Pocket Mice Galapagos Finches Oregon’s Horses Peppered Moths

…go on to Survive and Reproduce

Evidence for Evolution – FOSSILS

Evidence for Evolution – FOSSILS ARCHAEOPTERYX

Evidence for Evolution – HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES

Evidence for Evolution – EMBRYOS Recent discoveries of the conservation of molecular mechanisms of development are even more compelling.

Natural Selection We Can See The Case of the Peppered Moth

Case of the Peppered Moth Peppered moths are common in England. Variations in color: Silvery white w/gray speckles, dark gray, black. Most common (about 90%) form pre-1850: a mixture of white and black called “peppered.”

Case of the Peppered Moth B b BB Black Bb Peppered bb White What type of inheritance is this?

Industrial Revolution

Case of the Peppered Moth Pollution killed the lichen on urban trees. Also…Coal soot coated tree trunks, turning them black. Let’s look at lichen on trees…outside

Case of the Peppered Moth Try to find the silvery-white colored peppered moth in the next slide.

Case of the Peppered Moth Moth Population 1850 1950 1972 Light Colored 95% 5% 25% Dark Colored 75% Today, about 90% of the population is light colored. Why did the population shift back to pre-Industrial Revolution composition?

Biston betularia

Theory of Natural Selection The dark form is more visible on the light, lichen-covered tree. (b) On trees darkened by pollution, the lighter form is more visible. Variation in the peppered moth. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 29

But look at them without color vision.

Theory of Natural Selection The moths satisfy all four conditions for natural selection: • they reproduce; • their color pattern is inherited; • there is variation in their color patterns; • the different forms have different fitness.

Evolution Change in the frequency of an allele within the gene pool. Caused by: Natural Selection & Genetic Drift

Evolution The Adaptation was the change in the moth’s coloring Brought about by Natural Selection Adapted to become… Biston betularia f. typica The white-bodied pepper-moth

The Black Bodied Peppr Moth Think up some kind of analogy: Paintball, where students cannot hide in the environment, thus they all get shot. Some can hide in the environment, because their coloring, or jerseys, are different. Good, but I would have to discuss mating. Biston betularia f. carbonaria The black-bodied peppered moth

Conspicuous Behaviors California Killifish The fish (size of my pinky-finger) are infected by a trematode that causes abnormal behavior.

Conspicuous behavior (increases or decreases) Conspicuous behavior (increases or decreases)? as Intensity of Infection (increases or decreases)?

FUNGUS and FUNGI Parasitic FUNGI can change their hosts behavior “Bite & Die” example

The fungi Cordyceps A victimized carpenter ant

Cricket Suicide Parasitic worm (larvae) The juvenile gordian worm parasitizes land-living arthropods such as grasshopers, locusts and beetles, but the adult is a free-living aquatic species which can only reproduce in water. Inside the host, the microscopic larvae feed on surrounding tissue, and develop into long worms which can reach up to 4 times the length of the host, and which remain within the body cavity of the host as a long, coiled mass. After metamorphosing, the adult worm induces its host to leave its terrestrial habitat, and to commit suicide by jumping into water and drowning itself, so that the worm can emerge:

Hairworm a.k.a. Gordian worm Larvae are parasitic…Adults are free-living Adults can only reproduce in WATER http://neurophilosophy.wordpress.com/2006/11/20/brainwashed-by-a-parasite/

The incredible story of Phineas Gage 1823-1860 It all started on September 13th, 1848. Gage was 25 years old, working on a railroad construction crew in Vermont…

On display at Harvard Medical School