Unit 2 revision

DNA replication & PCR

1. Describe 4 key stages of DNA replication

2. Name the 3D structure of DNA

3. What makes up the backbone of DNA

4. 120 A bases & 20 G bases. The total number of DNA molecules is?

5. Role/purpose of PCR

6. Give a practical application of PCR

7. What happens at 60 degrees

8. Cooling it again allows what to bind to the specific sequence of DNA?

9. Why is more than one primer needed during PCR?

10. Eukaryotes have: Linear & circular chromosomes Plasmids only Plasmids & circular chromosomes Linear chromosomes & plasmids

11. What is the role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication

12. Compare the leading and lagging strand in DNA replication

13. What enzyme joins fragments in lagging strand

14. Why is a heat tolerant DNA polymerase used in PCR

15. How many DNA molecules after 6 PCR cycles if you start with 225 molecules of DNA?

16. What is meant by anti parallel DNA

17. 3’ end is a sugar or a phosphate

18. Bond between complementary bases is

19. 200 T bases and 400 G bases = how many A on complementary strand

20. 2000 base pairs 400 G bases & 600 A bases on same strand 20. 2000 base pairs 400 G bases & 600 A bases on same strand. How many T bases

Stem Cells

21. What two processes do stem cells undergo

22. Name the two types of stem cells

23. What are plant stem cells called

24. Are stem cells specialised or unspecialised

25. What is differentiation

26. What is the function of adult stem cells

27. Describe a therapeutic use of stem cells

28. Why are embryonic stem cells so controversial

29. What is phylogenetics

30. What is sequence data

31. What is bioinformatics

32. What two pieces of data are needed for phylogenetic trees

33. What are the 3 domains of life

34. The more closely related the species, the ________ in time the divergence from a common ancestor

35. Put the following in order from earliest to latest multicellular organisms eukaryotes photosynthetic organismss Land animals

36. What name is given to graphs that examine differences in AA sequences

37. What is personalised genomics

38. Give two uses of personalised genomics in medicine

39. What can be estimated from phylogenetic graphs

Evolution

40. Agrobacterium plasmid into a plant Vertical or horizontal?

41. Plants reproduce via pollination sexual or asexual reproduction 41. Plants reproduce via pollination sexual or asexual reproduction? Vertical or horizontal?

42. Plants reproduce via vegetative propagation sexual/asexual Vertical/horizontal

43. Random/non random selection a) genetic drift B) natural selection C) sexual selection

44. Natural selection definition

45. Sexual selection deliberately increases alleles that promotes ….

46. What type of populations are suspectible to genetic drift

47. Two causes of genetic drift

48. 4 stages to speciation

49. Importance of isolating mechanisms in terms of gene flow

50. Allopatric speciation is due to what kind of isolating barrier. 1 50. Allopatric speciation is due to what kind of isolating barrier? 1. geographical 2. ecological 3. behavioural

51. 3 types of selection pressure diagram and what they promote

52. Evidence of two different species

53. Formed when the range of two closely related species overlap

Mutations

54. What is a gene mutation Deletion Insertion Subsitution

55. Describe and give example of Point and frameshift mutations

56. Describe Mis sense and non sense mutations

57. What causes non disjunction

58. Give an example of hybrid vigour

59. Name the 4 types of chromosome structure mutations

Making protein

60. 1 gene – many proteins 2 processes to change protein

61. Role of RNA polymerase

62. 2 differences between RNA & DNA

63. Location of transcription.translation

64. The molecule made during transcription (before RNA splicing) is called the ______ mRNA

65. After RNA splicing the primary transcript is now called

66. What happens during RNA splicing

67. What is alternative RNA splicing

68. Roles of rRNA mRNA tRNA

68. Draw a tRNA and label the AA and anticodon

69. What is the role of an anticodon

70. Diagram of translation including AA peptide anticodon codon ribosome

80. What bond holds AA in place

81. Name a second bond that contributes to 3D protein shape on folding

82. What is meant by DNA having a triplet code

83. Name and describe the function carried out by 2 different proteins.