Grade 8 Unit 2 Review For Test Handout: Growth of Cities and Factories Handout: Factories continued and Early Technology Handout: Changing Role of Women and Women Activists Handout: First Nations Struggles and Manitoba Schools Crisis Handout: Sir Wilfrid Laurier Handout: Population Challenge and Sir Clifford Sifton Handout: The New Canadians Handout: Homesteading Handout: Defending the Empire Handout: The Boer War and Henri Bourassa

Growth of Cities and Factories The Industrial revolution in full swing in the mid 1800s-mechanization of the many cities and countries (ie. Toronto, Quebec City, Montreal build multiple factories) which causes a huge population explosion especially from immigration Cottage system is replaced by the factory system-the change of how products were created is known as industrialization Factories are built by entrepreneurs, people willing to risk taking a loss in an effort to build their own business Factory workers were often unskilled workers since machines handled most of the hard and intricate labour Women and children made up most of the workforce in factories since they had to contribute to the family now that farming was no longer a means of survival Wages were kept low so that products could be sold at a low cost Most families could not make it on one wage alone Owners liked to hire children-cheap labour and able to fit into small spaces in 1892, Ontario passes laws to “force” children to go to school until the age of 14 though many parents still take them out to send them to work

Factories continued and Early Technology Working conditions in factories are horrible, dangerous and unhealthy Machines are effective but not designed with worker safety in mind—many injuries and deaths occur Injured or sick workers would be fired and not receive any workman’s compensation (before 1914) Sweatshops is a term used to describe factories that were especially unhealthy and dangerous, low wages, poor lighting, very dirty and no breaks even abusive many times These conditions led to the creation of labour unions. First started in Britain and Europe, many of Canada’s union workers were immigrants who pushed for better working conditions and better wages As you can imagine, they weren’t very popular with the government and factory owners In 1900, the Canadian government creates the department of labour to help settle problems between employers and employees. Workman’s compensation bill passed in 1914 forcing conditions to begin improving The rise of technology changes the world as we know it: telephone (Bell), Radio (Marconi and Lodge), bicycle and automobile (Ford), all begin to change people’s lives

Changing Role of Women and Women Activists In 1890, women had very little rights—not even considered a “legal” person Expected to be a quiet, obedient wife and mother to her children—all about homemaking and child raising Held 25% of factory jobs and not treated well—long hours/poor wages 1893-formation of the NCWC (national council of women of Canada) – many women’s rights groups formed into one joined with iwsa (international womens suffrage alliance) to fight for/raise awareness about women’s rights Suffrage/suffragette-what/who is it? Suffrage is the right to vote in politics—women’s suffrage is women’s right to vote in politics Lady Aberdeen/Emily murphy/Nellie Mclung/Adelaide hoodless

First Nations Struggles and Manitoba Schools Crisis Attempt at Assimilation of first nations people Use of residential schools Land loss and frank oliver changes the indian act in 1906 to allow first nations peoples to take 50% of sale of land rather than 10% Thomas Greenway passes the Manitoba schools act to create a single, non- denominational school system taught in English only. Prime minister Wilfred laurier and greenway reach the laurier-greenway compromise—still one school system but French and religion were options available

Population Challenge and Sir Clifford Sifton Sifton creates an immigration plan to distribute the population around Canada rather than just in the main cities—don’t want “city dwellers”—more farmers needed Shows signs of discrimination—certain people/immigrants not wanted in Canada Growth on the prairies is 195%! Review some of the data in the charts

The New Canadians We discussed some of immigrants that came to Canada and why they were “wanted” here— germans, mennonites, Japanese, Chinese, Icelanders, Ukrainians Begin to truly create a multicultural country What were the effects on the metis? Nagano and jonasson

Homesteading And Defending the Empire Homesteading means settling on land given out by the government and turning it into farmland It Involved finding a good piece of land, building a home (sod/log homes), planting a field, division of labour, and weather/natural challenges The british empire (Canada was one of its dominions) was very large and required troops to defend it properly To keep up with other industrialized countries (like Germany), Britain required its dominions to provide support (resources, technology, military, etc)

The Boer War and Henri Bourassa British also had colonies in Africa and in 1899, Canadian troops were called on to help provide support South Africa (cape town) was initially under the control of the dutch but fell under british control in the 1800. these people were known as the boers and they kept slaves. When the british abolish slavery, the boers move to Transvaal to keep their slaves and slave system. When gold is discovered there, the british invaded and a war ensued Canadian send troops for support to the cause Women also serve in the royal Canadian army medical corps as nurses British win this war in 1902 but it sets the stage for world war one Bourassa is remembered for his service as a politician and journalist and for his unwavering commitment to his faith and to the rights of his fellow French Canadians.