Update on Nephrolithiasis: Core Curriculum 2016 Anja Pfau, MD, Felix Knauf, MD  American Journal of Kidney Diseases  Volume 68, Issue 6, Pages 973-985 (December 2016) DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.05.016 Copyright © 2016 National Kidney Foundation, Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 The Recurrence of Kidney Stone (ROKS) nomogram for first-time symptomatic stone formers. (A) Total points are determined based on the sum of 11 predictors. (B) Estimated recurrence risk at 2, 5, and 10 years based on total points. Reproduced from Rule et al (J Am Soc Nephrol 2014;25[12]:2878-2886) with permission of the American Society of Nephrology. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2016 68, 973-985DOI: (10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.05.016) Copyright © 2016 National Kidney Foundation, Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Mechanisms of stone formation. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2016 68, 973-985DOI: (10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.05.016) Copyright © 2016 National Kidney Foundation, Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Kidney stone type, corresponding urine sediment, urinary risk factors, and associated clinical settings. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2016 68, 973-985DOI: (10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.05.016) Copyright © 2016 National Kidney Foundation, Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Medullary sponge kidney. Conventional intravenous pyelogram demonstrates accumulation of contrast agent in the ectatic renal collecting tubules, creating a paint brush-like appearance. Reproduced from Maw et al (Am J Kidney Dis 2007;50[1]:146-150) with permission of the National Kidney Foundation. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2016 68, 973-985DOI: (10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.05.016) Copyright © 2016 National Kidney Foundation, Inc. Terms and Conditions