Chemokines, Chemokine Receptors, and Allograft Rejection Peter J. Nelson, Alan M. Krensky  Immunity  Volume 14, Issue 4, Pages 377-386 (April 2001) DOI: 10.1016/S1074-7613(01)00118-2

Figure 1 Multimolecular Complex in Chemokine Action A multimolecular complex is generally involved in chemokine action. For example, the chemokine RANTES/CCL5 can be presented by a glycosaminoglycan moiety on the endothelial cell surface to a seven-transmembrane-spannning G protein–associated serpentine receptor expressed on the surface of immune cells Immunity 2001 14, 377-386DOI: (10.1016/S1074-7613(01)00118-2)

Figure 2 Multistep Process in Generation of Inflammatory Infiltrate in Transplant Rejection A series of chemokine gradients are thought to be required for the recruitment of inflammatory cells from the bloodstream into sites of inflammation Immunity 2001 14, 377-386DOI: (10.1016/S1074-7613(01)00118-2)

Figure 3 Potential Sites for Therapeutic Intervention in Chemokine Action (1) Proinflammatory cytokine induction in stromal cells (TNF or IL-1 inhibitors; not shown), (2) early T cell activation (classical immunosuppressives like cyclosporin, tacrilomus, or anti-CD3), (3) gene expression (corticosteroids, novel transactivators), (4) translation and secretion (select cytostatics), (5) binding to endothelium (heparin), (6) serpentine receptors (CCR1 or CXCR3 receptor blockade), and/or (7) G proteins and downstream signal (select kinase inhibitors) Immunity 2001 14, 377-386DOI: (10.1016/S1074-7613(01)00118-2)