2.1 PLANT & ANIMAL CELLS

CELL THEORY STATES THAT 1 All living things are made up of one or more cells and their products. 2 The cell is the simplest unit that can carry out all life processes. 3 All cells come from other cells, they do not come from non- living matter

All living things re made up of cells, very simple or complex. Organism Prokaryote Eukaryote Unicellular Multicellular Plant Animal

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Organisms with typical, complex cells (humans, animals, plants, etc) Prokaryotes Primitive, one-celled organisms (bacteria—E. coli) No internal membranes (no ER, vacuoles, nuclear membrane) Few organelles One chromosome

Cell Structure All cells have to perform the same basic activities to stay alive use energy store materials bring materials in from environment get rid of waste move substances to where they are needed reproduce

Cell Organelles Organelle Location Description Function CELL WALL Plant cells Outer layer Rigid, strong, stiff Made of cellulose Support and protection CELL MEMBRANE Plants: Inside cell wall Animals: outermost layer Thin layer of lipid and protein Selectively permeable Controls movement of materials in/out of cell Barrier between cell and environment NUCLEUS Plant and animal cells Large, oval Surrounded by nuclear membrane Contains chromosomes Controls cell’s activities Stores cell’s genetic information

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Cell Organelles Organelle Location Description Function CYTOSOL Outside nucleus Clear, thick, jelly-like Major bulk of cell Suspend organelles Dissolves cell’s nutrients RIBOSOMES Cytosol Some line surface of E.R. Tiny, spherical Made of protein and DNA Manufacture cell’s proteins ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Network of tubules (made of membranes) Store cell products Help package materials to be shipped out of cell GOLGI BODIES Network of sacs Finish packaging materials to be shipped out of cell

Cell Organelles Organelle Location Description Function LYSOSOMES Cytosol (rarely in plant cells) Small, round, with membrane Sacs of digestive enzymes Digest ingested food particles Digest old cell parts MITOCHONDRIA Cytosol Oval, bean shape Inner and outer membrane Produces energy Breaks down sugar to extract energy (respiration) CHLOROPLASTS Cytosol of plant cells Large, green, oval with membrane Internal membranes Contains chlorophyll Uses light energy to build sugar molecules Food for plant VACUOLE Plant: large Animal: many small Surrounded by membrane Store food, water, and sometimes waste

Plant vs. Animal Cells Centrioles No centrioles Lysosomes No lysosomes Small vacuoles Large vacuoles No cell wall Cell wall No chloroplasts Chloroplasts Rounded shape Brick shaped