Cell Organelles

Learning Targets Describe the structure, function, and location of all organelles. Nucleus ◦ Ribosomes Mitochondrion ◦ Cytoskeleton Endoplasmic Reticulum ◦ Vacuole Lysosomes ◦ Cytoplasm Golgi Apparatus ◦ Chloroplast Cilia & Flagella ◦ Cell Wall Explain the differences and similarities between plant and animal cells. Explain the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Cell Membrane also known as the Plasma Membrane  Cell Membrane also known as the Plasma Membrane Cell: In both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Structure: Film surrounding cell Function: Controls what enters and exits the cell.

Cell Wall  Cell: Plant ( also in all fungi, algae and bacteria cells) Structure: Rigid wall that surrounds the cell membrane. Function: protects the cells and gives it shape.

Cytoskeleton  Cell: In all eukaryotic cells (plants & animals) Structure: Made of proteins Microfilaments Microtubules Intermediate filaments Connects cytoplasm with cell membrane Function: Provides structural support and movement

Nucleus  Cell: Only in eukaryotic cells Structure: Contains genetic information – DNA. Nuclear envelope (membrane) – membrane that surrounds the nucleus. Function: Control center or “brain,” of cell

Nucleolus Structure: Dark spot at center of Nucleus Function: responsible for making ribosomes. Cells: Only in eukaryotic cells

Ribosomes  Cell: All (Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic) Function: Make proteins for the cell. Structure: Eukaryotic cells: float freely or are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum Prokaryotic cells: float freely in cytoplasm

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)  Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Cell: All eukaryotic Structure: Series of membranes. Rough ER has ribosomes attached, Smooth ER does not. Function: Smooth ER: transports and makes lipids, Rough ER: transports proteins through the cell.

Mitochondria  Cells: plant and animal cells (All eukaryotic) Structure: Large, oval organelles with a double membrane. Function: provide energy for the cell by converting large organic molecules to energy in the process of cellular respiration.

Chloroplasts  Cells: Only in plant cells (and algae) Structure: Large, green organelles with a single membrane. Function: responsible for making sugar via photosynthesis.

Golgi Apparatus  Cells: In all eukaryotic cells (plants & animals) Structure: Series of flat, membrane-bound sacs Function: process the proteins made by the ribosomes package them in vesicles to be secreted out of the cell.

Vesicles  Cells: In all eukaryotic cells (plants & animals) Structure: Parts of the ER and Golgi pinched off Located in the cytoplasm Function: Storage bag for proteins

Vacuoles  Cells: In all eukaryotic cells (plants & animals) Structure: They are also responsible for giving plant cells shape. Plants have 1 big vacuole. Animal cells may have 1 or 2 small vacuoles. Function: Large organelles used for storing water and waste products.

Lysosomes  Cells: In all eukaryotic cells (plants & animals) Structure: Small, round organelles with a single membrane They are digestive organelles. Have digestive enzymes in them. Function: Break down molecules and eliminate waste products. (“Suicide sac,”)

 Cilia Cells: Animal Structure: short hair-like projections that help cells move. Function: Movement

Flagella  Structure: Long, whip-like tail that helps cells move. Function: Movement Cells: Only in animal cells (also seen in prokaryotic cells)

Cytoplasm  Cells: In all cells Prokaryotic and eukaryotic Structure: Jelly-like substance inside cells Function: holds all cell organelles in place