MOTIVATION Need or desire that energizes and directs behavior Motive: Stimulus that moves person toward a behavior designed to achieve a specific goal. Need: Lack of something that one requires or desires. Drive: Force that pushes a person to act. Incentive: Force that pulls person toward a particular behavior. Emotions: States of the body and mind associated with feelings. MOTIVATION Need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Problems with Instinct Theories Instinct is a complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species Our behaviors are determined by innate evolutionary factors Organisms are born with a set of biological behaviors that promote survival Making fun of others can be thought of in the same way as an animal who attacks a younger animal to stop them from being pack leader Problems with Instinct Theories Cannot explain all of human behavior ex: jealousy, modesty, altruism, selfishness

Drive: Internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension. Drive theories apply the concept of homeostasis (state of physiological equilibrium or stability) to behavior. Unpleasant states of tension are viewed as disruptions of the preferred equilibrium.

Why do you go to haunted houses and scary movies on dates? A friend brings two Big Mac’s to you for lunch and even though you ate and are full, you can’t resist and decide to eat the two Big Macs. Optimum Arousal Theory Rather than reducing a physiological need or tension state, some motivated behaviors increase arousal Why do you go to haunted houses and scary movies on dates?

Optimal Arousal Theory Yerkes-Dodson Law Increased arousal can help improve performance, but only up to a certain point Minimal arousal Moderate arousal Extreme arousal

Krog's Hierarchy of Needs

REVIEW QUESTION ANSWER= A Which of the following correlation values is strongest? a. -.90 b. +.60 c. +.50 d. .10 e. +.80 ANSWER= A

REVIEW QUESTION A measure of variability based on the differences between each score and the mean is: a. Sampling error b. Standard deviation c. Z-score d. Range e. T-test ANSWER: B

REVIEW QUESTION A reinforcement schedule that creates the highest rate of performance is: a. Fixed interval b. Variable interval c. Fixed ration d. Variable ratio e. All of the above ANSWER: D

REVIEW QUESTION A condition in which a person suddenly falls asleep at inappropriate times is called: a. Sleep apnea b. Narcolepsy c. Somnambulism d. Night Terrors e. None of the above ANSWER: B

HUMANS LOVE FOOD! HUNGER

Hunger does NOT come from our stomach. It comes from our… Brain What part of the brain? The Hypothalamus

The Psychology of Hunger External incentives… eat because triggered by the presence of food, especially tasty (high fat/calorie) food Eating by the “clock”… eat because it is “time” to eat lunch/dinner Social eating… eat at an event because you are “expected” to Stress and depression… eat more/less and different types of foods Other eating cues… holidays or watching TV/movie OBJECTIVE 35-2| Discuss psychological and cultural influences on hunger.

Taste Preference: Biology or Culture? Body chemistry and environmental factors together influence not only when we feel hunger but what we feel hungry for! Beijing street market fare

Taste Preferences Food taste better and we chew less when we are hungry (beginning of a meal). Food tastes worse and we chew more when we are not hungry (at the end of the meal). Its weird, the better the food tastes, the less time we leave it in our mouths.

Internal Factors External Factors Hunger Drive Hunger is probably the most researched of all physiological needs. Arises from a complex mixture of external and internal factors: Internal Factors External Factors Stress - A person may eat to counteract negative feelings produced by stress. (Stress- unpleasant, Eating pleasant) Certain foods release the neurotransmitter serotonin, which has a calming effect. Eating habits - Eating at fixed times of the day, regardless of hunger. Food-related cues - Eat because food is appealing to you, even though you are not hungry. Eating dessert even though you are full. Presence of eating cues - If you always have a snack an hour before going to bed, when the cock reaches that hour, it motivates you to go and get food - hungry or not. Hypothalamus - 2 factors, one monitors chemicals related to the amount of glucose in the body. When glucose drops, the hypothalamus produces sensation of hunger. After the need has been met, other chemicals are released that signal the feeling that you are full. A second homeostatic system measures the amount of fats and amino acids stored in the body's cells. When their levels drop too low, hunger signals are switched on. Basal Metabolic Rate - Each person burns food at a different rate and expends energy with different efficiency. A person with a high metabolic rate can eat more without gaining weight than someone who is just as active, but has a lower metabolic rate. Body (basal) Set Point - Falling below that "set point" of weight triggers biological processes that cause us to get hungry more often. Taste Sensation - Tastes is an important factor when we first begin eating. It encourages us to continue. Before long, the taste buds begin to shut down so that we are willing to stop eating when we are full.

Obesity Severely overweight to the point where it causes health issues. Mostly eating habits but some people are predisposed towards obesity. Genetic link Fat Cells= Adipose Tissue Require less food to maintain weight – Lower metabolism

Hunger & eating are governed in part by a variety of food-related cues. Schachter found that obese subjects would eat more than non-obese subjects when they were told it was much later in the afternoon than it actually was. Also, they would eat more of a tasty ice cream product than one that was not as tasty.

Fat: The Good , the bad and the Ugly Fat is necessary Allows menstruation Ideal form of stored energy in case of famine Brain processing Promotes neural growth in babies Needed to start puberty Too Much: Diabetes High blood pressure Heart disease Cancer Arthritis DEATH

Hunger video clips Science of appetite – stop overeating All of the hormones (next slide), fat/sugar, evolution, what food you crave! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BwqAelWSgHk&list= PL0042E6EF01FFADD6&index=5 Losing weight – scientific tips! Breakfast, what to eat, portion size, exercise and sleep https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HA00ZctGz50&index =4&list=PL0042E6EF01FFADD6

Review questions from reading! What physiological factors cause hunger? What is the connection between insulin, glucose & hunger? What effect do each of the following have on hunger: leptin, ghrelin, orexin, and PYY?

Review questions from reading! What physiological factors cause hunger? Hunger’s pangs correspond to the stomachs contractions Neural areas in the brain (hypothalamus) Appetite hormones including insulin, ghrelin, orexin, leptin, PPY Basal metabolic rate (body’s resting rate of energy) Body may have a set point or a loser settling point What is the connection between insulin, glucose & hunger? Insulan is a hormone secreted by the pancreas and controls gluclose and if gluclose levels drop you will be motivated to eat What effect do each of the following have on hunger: leptin, ghrelin, orexin, and PYY? Leptin (protein hormone secreted by fat cells; when stimulated causes the brain to increase metabolism Ghrelin is a hormone secreted by empty stomach; sends the “I’m hungry”signal to the brain Orexin – hunger-triggering hormone secreted by the hypothalamus PYY – digestive tract hormone; sends “I’m not hungry” signal