1 Pertemuan 1 TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI Matakuliah: H0402/PENGELOLAAN SISTEM KOMPUTER Tahun: 2005 Versi: 1/0

2 Learning Outcomes Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa akan mampu : Mengidentifikasikan trend teknologi informasi di masa yang akan datang baik hardware, software, jaringan dan database

3 Outline Materi Teknologi Informasi Teknologi Hardware Teknologi Software Teknologi Jaringan Teknologi Database

4 Teknologi Informasi Information technology (IT) – computer technology (hardware and software) for processing and storing information, as well as communications technology for transmitting information

5 Managing IT in business today is very different from managing in a prebrowser world Business managers now expect: –Information on firms internal operations –Data about external market conditions –Automated personal organizers –Networks always available –Applications that are easy to use Teknologi Informasi

6 R ECENT I NFORMATION T ECHNOLOGY T RENDS –Hard to predict trends due to rate of change in IT industry –Consider several mis-predictions … Teknologi Informasi

7 Teknologi Hardware Computer Hardware: Faster, Smaller, Cheaper 1981: first IBM PC 1990s: PCs commonplace Now... –Easy-to-use operating system with graphical interface –Web browser ready –Point-and-click technology –Plays music and videos –Notebook versions common for business travel

8 Teknologi Software Computer Software: Standardized and Integrated Majority of microcomputers: –Microsoft Windows – operating system software –Microsoft Office Suite – productivity software Word processing Spreadsheet Database Presentation Web browser

9 Teknologi Software Enterprise system packages – software packages with integrated modules that pass common business transactions across groups, divisions, and national boundaries in real time Widely adopted by manufacturing and service firms of all sizes Often tailored to specific industries Integrate data across traditional and Web-based channels for internal use, customers, and suppliers

10 Teknologi jaringan Computer Networks: High Bandwidth, Global, and Wireless 1990s: –Standards for browser applications and Internet communications (TCP/IP) –Fiber-optic lines used by more telecommunications providers –High-speed access (high-bandwidth lines) available both to businesses and home owners 2000: –Commonplace for company networks linked to the Internet 2003: –Home owners using modems to connect to cable lines or digital subscriber lines (DSL) via telephone lines Today: –More companies investing in wireless technology

11 Teknologi Database RDBMS

12 Trends Teknologi Informasi Traditional Ways to Compete Three ways to compete (Porter, 1980): –Cost – by being a low-cost producer of a good or service –Differentiation – by offering products or services customers prefer due to superiority with innovativeness, image, quality, or customer service –Focus – competing on cost or differentiation within a specific market niche

13 Trend Teknologi Informasi IT can help with cost –Examples: Automating transaction time Shortening order cycle time Providing operational information for decision making IT can help with differentiation –Examples: Giving sales personnel information to better serve customers Providing just-in-time supplies for customers Creating new information-based products

14 Trend Teknologi Informasi New Ways to Compete Using the Internet –Examples: Entire travel industry restructured because of competition via the Internet Wal-Mart, Dell, and Lands End leverage Internet to compete – Results: achieve additional cost savings, mass customize products, and reach even more customers

15 Trend Working in An E-World Business invests more in IT support for todays knowledge workers IT infrastructure now must support workers anytime and anywhere Sales force personnel are now telecommuters Document sharing Software to support collaborative teamwork Videoconferencing More Productive Teams

16 Trend Working in An E-World Virtual Organizations and Free Agents Virtual Organizations –Temporary alliances between organizations and individuals –Contracts often gain scarce expertise or cheaper labor costs –Some might have no real office; employees can be located anywhere Free Agents –Are telecommuters who do knowledge work without being at a specific location –Have specialized skills and IT linkages to work as independent contractors –Often post resumes and sell skills globally

17 Trend Working in An E-World Advantages –Fast, convenient communication with cell phones –Vast amounts of free information via the Internet Disadvantages –Loss of individual privacy –Vulnerability to computer crimes –Social inequalities due to lack of access to computers

18 T HE IS M ANAGEMENT R OLE IN O RGANIZATIONS Information systems (IS) organization – department or unit that has primary responsibility for managing IT – hardware, software, networks, and IS professionals Trend Working in An E-World

19 Accounting Era Back-office computer automation began with accounting 1950s to mid-1960s IS professionals were primary decision makers but reported into an accounting function Transaction processing automated with use of computers for single functions (transactions were aggregated and then processed in a single run or batch – magnetic tape storage) Figure 1.1 Five IS Management Eras T HE IS M ANAGEMENT R OLE IN O RGANIZATIONS Trend Working in An E-World

20 Operational Era Computer automation expanded to other functions Began mid-1960s Business managers became more involved in systems decision making (as applications supported more business functions) Online systems were introduced for transaction processing (made possible by direct access storage devices using magnetic disks) Figure 1.1 Five IS Management Eras T HE IS M ANAGEMENT R OLE IN O RGANIZATIONS Trend Working in An E-World

21 Information Era IT investments to support the knowledge worker Late 1970s – mid 1980s End users became direct users of computer applications using user-friendly mainframe and microcomputer tools Decision support systems that could interact with users were introduced (made possible by software tools developed for direct end-user computing) Figure 1.1 Five IS Management Eras T HE IS M ANAGEMENT R OLE IN O RGANIZATIONS Trend Working in An E-World

22 Network Era IT investments in interenterprise systems Began mid-1980s Business managers began to take more of an ownership role in IT investments Computer networking enabled applications with business partners (custom-developed inter-organizational applications) Figure 1.1 Five IS Management Eras T HE IS M ANAGEMENT R OLE IN O RGANIZATIONS Trend Working in An E-World

23 Internet Era IT investments to support new kinds of e-business Began mid-1990s with Web browser Top management has taken a leadership role in IT decision making to ensure that IT investments are strategically aligned with the business The Internet and Web- based applications provide a global reach to customers and business partners (enabled by a standard communication protocol and standard Web browswer) Figure 1.1 Five IS Management Eras T HE IS M ANAGEMENT R OLE IN O RGANIZATIONS Trend Working in An E-World

24 Figure 1.2 Three IT Assets Managing the IT Assets T HE IS M ANAGEMENT R OLE IN O RGANIZATIONS Trend Working in An E-World

25 Figure 1.3 Enterprise IT Architecture (Based on Weil and Broadbent, 1998) Managing the IT Assets Trend Working in An E-World

26 T HE IS M ANAGEMENT R OLE IN O RGANIZATIONS People Roles IS Leaders Other IS Managers IS Professionals Business Managers End Users Trend Working in An E-World

27 T HE IS M ANAGEMENT R OLE IN O RGANIZATIONS People Roles IS Leaders Chief Information Officer (CIO) – a firms high-level general IT asset manager with both technology and business leadership experience who, together with the executive management team, plans for integration of IT for strategic advantage Trend Working in An E-World

28 T HE IS M ANAGEMENT R OLE IN O RGANIZATIONS People Roles Other IS Managers … accountable for: –Data centers –Network operations –New applications development Trend Working in An E-World

29 T HE IS M ANAGEMENT R OLE IN O RGANIZATIONS People Roles IS Professionals … include: –Programmers –Software engineers –Systems analysts –Database developers –Web developers –LAN administrators –Technical support specialists Trend Working in An E-World

30 T HE IS M ANAGEMENT R OLE IN O RGANIZATIONS People Roles Business Managers … –Are internal customers of the IT organization –Need to be IT-savvy –May jointly lead strategic IT projects –Provide other IT-related roles: Serve on committees to prioritize and approve IT requests Act as sponsor or owner of an IT project Serve as process or functional expert on project team Participate in planning and execution of IT implementation Trend Working in An E-World

31 T HE IS M ANAGEMENT R OLE IN O RGANIZATIONS People Roles End Users … –Provide business expertise to project teams –Participate in redesign of business processes –Give feedback to prototype screens and reports during system development –Help gather customer input when they are directly affected by IT project Trend Working in An E-World

32 > Trend teknologi informasi –Hardware –Software –Network / jaringan –Database Working in An E-world –Accounting era –Operational era –Information era –Netrwork era –Internet era

33 Teknologi Informasi Teknologi Hardware Teknologi Software Teknologi Jaringan Teknologi Database TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI