Chapter 15 - Africa 1750-1950

Map Skills Democratic Republic of the Congo Kenya Tanzania Angola Zambia Malawi Zimbabwe Mozambique Namibia Botswana South Africa Lesotho Swaziland Madagascar

Map Skills Cameroon Central African Republic Ethiopia Somalia Uganda Rwanda Burundi Equatorial Guinea Gabon Republic of the Congo

Africans Enslaved Europeans wanted slaves Growth of slave trade Before 1600, 2,000 per year By 1780, 70,000+ per year Most taken to plantations in the Americas, replacing American Indians as slaves Up to 25% (1/4) died on the voyage

End of Slave Trade After slavery, Africans found better ways of producing wealth England’s navy helped stop the slave trade

Post-Slavery Progress Africa transitioned from providing slaves to providing raw materials to Europe and America Gathering-based economy – people made money gathering and selling natural resources

Post-Slavery Progress Ivory, beeswax, honey, cotton, rubber, cocoa, peanuts, palm oil

Post-Slavery Progress Fewer wars as tribes stopped kidnapping for the slave trade Population increased More stability & less migration Unification Economically due to trade Culturally due to conquest

Post-Slavery Progress Modernization Industry Military Education Representation Some Africans demanded a voice in government

Dark Continent Explored Reasons for exploration fame & wealth missions hunting big game thrill of discovery

Dangers of exploration rugged terrain wild beasts

diseases - biggest danger cannibals diseases - biggest danger lack of food & supplies “I can die, but I will not go back!” - Henry Morton Stanley

Malaria One of deadliest diseases explorers faced Italian for bad air Actually caused by parasite passed by mosquito Cure = quinine

Explorers Sir Richard Burton – searched for the source of Nile Lake Victoria

David Livingstone Most famous African explorer His primary purpose: to reach people for Christ Discovered Victoria Falls Assumed lost or dead Found by Henry Stanley After death, his heart was buried in Africa

David Livingstone

Evangelization Many missionaries were explorers Missionaries contributed written languages and education, pushed for abolition, and gave medical care

Robert Moffat Scottish missionary to southern Africa Evangelized many tribes Taught later missionaries how to live in Africa Helped bring peace through friendships with tribal chiefs Translated the Bible

Samuel Ajayi Crowther Freed from slave ship by British Became a Christian 1st African Bishop in the Anglican Church Established a mission in Nigeria Translated Bible into language of the Yoruba tribe

Imperialism Colonialism – the conquest of one or more nations by another nation Imperialism – dominance and power asserted by one nation over less powerful nations

Imperialism Began on uninhabited islands used as trading bases Portugal was 1st nation to establish colonies in Africa Britain began to look for other colonies after losing America France – began a colonies in Algeria and elsewhere

Imperialism From 1880-1910, Africa was conquered by Europe and divided into 40 colonies Ethiopia and Liberia were the only areas never colonized

Imperialism: Motives Economic Reasons Raw materials Markets to sell products Areas for investment Nationalistic Reasons – conquest of colonies was seen as sign of strength Religious Reasons – some Europeans saw it as opportunity for missions

Imperialism: Motives Racism Many Europeans saw themselves as superior Evolution supported this belief

Imperialism: The Scramble European nations scrambled for control Phase I Treaties with Africans Phase 2 Berlin Conference: developed guidelines that led to Europe dividing Africa among themselves on paper Phase 3 Conquest

Imperialism: African Reaction Submission: some leaders refused to fight a war they knew they would lose Alliance: some leaders allowed Europeans to take over if they could still lead Confrontation: some fought the Europeans Always lost Africans with spears, bows, or muskets fought Europeans with superior weapons

Maxim Gun Maxim gun (1st machine gun)

Imperialism: Belgium King Leopold II began International African Association with the stated purpose of civilizing Africa & ending slavery Instead, he took advantage of natives to get rich The Belgian gov’t took the land from him and called it the Belgian Congo

Imperialism: South Africa Great Trek – Boers (Dutch settlers) moved north when the British took over Cape Colony Gold and diamonds discovered on Boer land Boer War – England v. Boers Boers lost but were allowed to be part of gov’t Became the Union of South Africa

Imperialism: Consequences Political Peace for a time, but loss of freedom Over 50 new states but with badly drawn boundaries Warring tribes combined Tribes split apart Learned to set up European-style gov’ts Developed professional armies Took time to learn to lead themselves

Imperialism: Consequences Economic - Positive Modern infrastructure Suez Canal – connected Red and Mediterranean Seas Improved agricultural methods Growing cash-crop market Money-based economy Modern banking

Imperialism: Consequences Economic - Negative Uneven distribution of improvements Europeans developed what would help themselves Inter-African trade system was destroyed Wealth taken back to Europe

Consequences of Imperialism Social Urbanization: villages grew into towns/cities Spread of Christianity Spread of education Merit-based social order Rural areas neglected Europeans pushed their culture on the Africans