Section1: The Scientific Revolution Main Idea: The scientific revolution gave Europeans a new way to view the human races’ place in the universe.

Revolution in Astronomy Ptolemy Greek/Egyptian astronomer who lived in the 2nd century CE Geocentric model of the universe Geo = Earth Centric = center

Ptolemaic System Planet Earth is at the center of the universe and does not move Universe is a series of concentric spheres Developed during the Middle Ages (1100- 1500 CE)

Nicholas Copernicus Polish mathematician Proposed a heliocentric model of the universe Helio = sun Argued the perceived movement of the sun was really the Earth rotating on its axis and moving on its orbit around the sun http://www.opengeography.org/ch-3-the-solar-system.html

Johannes Kepler German mathematician Expanded upon Copernicus’ research & developed laws of planetary motion The sun IS the center of the universe The orbits of planets around the sun were an ellipse (egg), helped prove Copernicus’ theory.

Galileo Galilei Italian astronomer & mathematician 1st European to make regular observations with a telescope Mountains on the moon Four moons revolving around Jupiter Sunspots Heavenly bodies were made of substances similar to those found on Earth, not light!

Galileo & the Catholic Church Ordered to abandon the Copernican model Contradicted the teachings of the Church & the Bible Galileo was put on trial and found guilty of heresy & disobedience

Sir Isaac Newton English mathematician Universal Law of Gravitation Every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity Saw the universe as a huge machine operating according to natural laws

Andreas Vesalius Published On the Fabric of the Human Body in 1543 His discoveries made by dissecting human cadavers Detailed observations of organs and structure of the human body

William Harvey On the Motion of the Heart and Blood (1628) Heart was the beginning point for circulation of blood in the body The same blood flows through veins & arteries Blood makes a complete circuit through the body before returning to the heart

Women & Science in Germany Between 1650-1710 nearly 15% of all German astronomers were female Trained by their husbands and fathers at family observatories Maria Winkleman: most famous German female astronomer Despite her academic credentials she was denied a teaching position at the Berlin Academy b/c they feared hiring a woman would set a bad example

Rene Descartes & Reason 17th century French philosopher Considered the father of rationalism Rationalism: belief that reason is the main source of human knowledge; Our ability to think and reason through problems allows the human race to acquire knowledge

Descartes Famous Principles Separation of mind and matter Matter is dead, & could be studied using reason Matter was separate from humans The one fact that is true beyond any doubt: our own existence! Emphasized the power of human thought “I THINK, THEREFORE I AM!”

The Scientific Method Developed by Englishman Francis Bacon (mmmm…bacon!) Systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence Do NOT rely on the ideas of ancients Carefully organized experiments would lead to the development of correct principles

Section 2: The Enlightenment Main Idea: 18th Century philosophers used the ideas of the Scientific Revolution to reexamine all aspect of life…especially the role of government and the rights of human beings

What is the Enlightenment?? An 18th century philosophical (ideas!) movement based on the use of: Reason Discoveries of the Scientific Revolution Scientific Method In order to reexamine all aspects of life and society in order to create a better world!

Isaac Newton’s Influence Newton’s Laws (gravity, motion) showed that the physical world is like a giant machine operating under fixed laws Intellectuals (deep thinkers!) of the Enlightenment sought the laws that govern human society

John Locke’s Influence Tabula Rasa (blank mind) People become who they are through experience Through our senses Through our thoughts Through our emotions

John Locke’s Influence If people were exposed to the right experiences then they could be changed, creating a new & better society Led to the belief that people could discover the natural laws that all should follow in order to produce the ideal society

What is a philosophe?? Came mostly from the nobility & middle class Nickname for the intellectuals of the Enlightenment (French term for philosopher) Came mostly from the nobility & middle class Writers Professors Journalists Economists Social reformers

An International Movement Englishmen provided the philosophical inspiration for the Enlightenment, but… French philosophes influenced intellectuals across Europe and truly created a movement that changed the Western World Movement evolved over the span of a century Rational criticism should be applied to all areas of life, including religion & politics

Baron de Montesquieu Used the scientific method to find the natural laws governing society & politics Published his study, The Spirit of the Laws, in 1748

Montesquieu’s Influence The most effective govt’s function b/c of a separation of powers A system of checks & balances prevents any one person or branch from gaining too much power

Montesquieu’s Influence 3 branches of Gov’t: Executive (enforce laws) Legislative (make laws) Judicial (interpret laws) In the United States: Executive = President Legislative = Congress Judicial = Supreme Court

Voltaire: Greatest of the Enlightenment Wrote endlessly! Novels Plays Letters Essays Best known for: Criticism of Christianity Belief in religious toleration

Voltaire & Religion God created it Set it in motion Treatise on Toleration, 1763 Main Point: “all men are brothers under God.” Champion of religious philosophy Deism: Based on reason & natural law Viewed the universe as a clock: God created it Set it in motion Allows it to run according to natural laws WITHOUT His influence

Denis Diderot Most lasting contribution to the Enlightenment was editing the 28 volume Encyclopedia His goal with this collection of knowledge was to, “change the general way of thinking.”

Diderot’s Lasting Influence Encyclopedia was sold to doctors, lawyers, clergymen, teachers, & other members of the nobility & middle class This allowed the ideas of the Enlightenment to spread all over Europe Religious toleration Changes in the structure of the legal & political systems, as well as society as a whole

Adam Smith: America’s Economic Inspiration Wrote the best interpretation of laissez-faire economics with Wealth of Nations , 1776 He assigned only 3 roles to the government: Protect citizens from invasion – Maintain an army Protect citizens from injustice – Maintain the police Keep up w/ public works & infrastructure projects too expensive for private individuals Roads, bridges, canals, dams, etc.

Jean Jacques Rousseau The Social Contract, 1762 Through a SOCIAL CONTRACT, and entire society agrees to be governed by the GENERAL WILL The “general will” represents what is best for the entire society What are some examples of laws that govern our lives that protect the safety of all members of our community?

Women’s Rights: Mary Wollstonecraft Old Argument: women’s natural ways made them inferior to men, therefore it was necessary for males to dominate females Mary’s Argument: A Vindication of the Rights of Women, 1792

Mary’s Two Main Points #1: The arbitrary power of men over women is as wrong as the arbitrary power of monarchs over their subjects! #2: Enlightenment is based on the ideal that all humans have the power to reason. Because women are able to reason they should have the same rights as men!

The Growth of Reading Both the amount of items being published & the number of readers grew rapidly during the 18th century Many new books were directed at the new reading middle class Daily newspapers also appeared for the first time in London in 1702

The Salon Elegant drawing rooms of the wealthy elite where guests gathered to discuss the new ideas & works of the philosophes Brought many different classes & groups of people together Key piece in the spread of Enlightenment ideas

The Salon