Altered States of Consciousness pt. 1 (2-4%) http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=1510 Engage Hyper Link

Why is sleep important? To rest and repair (physically and mentally) To consolidate memories and skills Necessary for brain development Protective https://encrypted-tbn2.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSaF3jaupMlhpvBHFxwdPr3pph2XZ-YbtBvuZsoDNEn7GJ9sLf8

Biological Rhythms Circadian Rhythm is our 24 hour biological clock. Our body temperature and awareness changes throughout the day. Annual Cycles: seasonal variations (bears hibernation, seasonal affective disorder) 28 day cycles: menstrual cycle. 24 hour cycle: our circadian rhythm 90 minute cycle: sleep cycles.

Measuring Sleep Changes Electroencephalograph (EEG) Beta Waves: Small fast waves associated with alertness and awakeness Alpha Waves: Large, slow waves associated with relaxation and falling asleep

Sleep Stages There are 5 identified stages of sleep. It takes about 90-100 minutes to pass through the 5 stages. The brain’s waves will change according to the sleep stage you are in. The first four sages and know as NREM sleep.. The fifth stage is called REM sleep.

Stages of Sleep Stage 1: Alpha and theta waves produced in light sleep Hypnic Jerk: Reflex muscle twitch throughout body that may occur Stage 2: Deeper sleep; sleep spindles (distinctive brain-wave activity of half second or longer) Stage 3: Deeper sleep; Delta waves appear (very large and slow), breathing regular, BP falls. Stage 4: Deepest level of normal sleep; almost purely Delta waves (50%) – less blood flow to the brain

Stage Five: REM SLEEP REM: Rapid Eye Movement This is a very active stage of sleep. Composes 20-25 % of a normal nights sleep. Breathing, heart rate and brain wave activity quicken. Vivid Dreams can occur. From REM, you go back to Stage 2

How much sleep do we need? We all need different amounts of sleep depending on our age and genetics. But we ALL sleep- about 25 years on average.

Theories of Sleep Kind of like nigh-time construction Repair/Restoration Sleep allows for recuperation from physical, emotional, and intellectual fatigue Survival Value Sleep evolved to conserve energy and protect our ancestors from predators Necessary for brain development Kind of like nigh-time construction

Theories of Dreaming Psychoanalytic: Dreams represent disguised symbols of repressed desires and anxieties. Manifest versus latent content Biological: Dreams represent random activation of brain cells during sleep. Cognitive: Dreams help to sift and sort the events of the day. © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E

Dreams A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. Manifest Content: the remembered storyline of a dream. (what the man thinks it is) Latent Content: the underlying meaning of a dream. (what your dream really means)

WHY DO WE DREAM!? Activation-synthesis hypothesis: Problem Solving Dreams represent random activation of brain cells during REM sleep Problem Solving Dreams focus on the problems we have in an attempt to find a solution Threat simulation Dreams evolved to help us practice skills we need to avoid threats.

“Sometimes, a cigar is just a cigar.” Wish Fulfillment – Freud’s Dream Theory… A.K.A. Psychoanalytic theory: Dreams represent disguised symbols of repressed desires and anxieties Manifest Content: symbols used to disguise true meaning of dream Latent Content: true unconscious meaning of a dream “Sometimes, a cigar is just a cigar.” - Freud, on the meaning of dreams

Information-Processing Theory Dreams act to sort out and understand the memories that you experience that day. REM sleep does increase after stressful events.

Physiological Function Theories Activation-Synthesis Theory: during the night our brainstem releases random neural activity, dreams may be a way to make sense of that activity.

Sleep Duration in Mammals

Effects of Sleep Deprivation Reduced immunity Mood alteration Reduced concentration and motivation Increased irritability Lapses in attention Reduced motor skills

Sleep Apnea A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary reawakening.

Night Terrors A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified. Occur in Stage 4, not REM, and are not often remembered.

Sleepwalking . Sleep walking most often occurs during deep non-REM sleep (stage 3 or stage 4 sleep) early in the night.

Insomnia Insomnia is the inability to fall asleep. It is common problem that most people experience at least occasionally.

Narcolepsy It is a condition that causes patients to fall asleep uncontrollably throughout the day for periods lasting less than a minute to more than half an hour.

Hypnosis Crime recall - Improves recall, more sure, but sometimes more distorted Age regression Past-life regression http://abcnews.go.com/Health/TreatingPain/story?id=4047906

Hypnosis Hypnosis is an altered state of heightened suggestibility. The hypnotic state is characterized by: Narrow and focused attention Imagination Passive receptive attitude Reduced reaction to pain Heightened suggestibility

Myths of Hypnosis People can be hypnotized against their will. People will do immoral things while hypnotized. Hypnosis improves memory recall. Hypnotized persons have special strength. Hypnosis is fake.

Altered States Meditation refers to a set of techniques that promote a heightened sense of awareness. can involve body movements and posture, focusing of attention on a focal point, or control of breathing can induce relaxation, lower blood pressure, and can be associated with a sense of euphoria

Day Dreaming

Why do we daydream? They can nourish our social development. They can help us prepare for future events. They can nourish our social development. Can substitute for impulsive behavior.

Part Two: DRUGS Drugs: Engage Hyperlink: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/drugs/abuse.html

Drugs Psychoactive Drug: Substance capable of altering behavior Stimulant: Substance that increases activity in body and nervous system Depressant: Substance that decreases activity in body and nervous system Hallucinogen: Substance that alters or distorts sensory perceptions http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=782

Drug Tolerance Tolerance After repeated exposure, more drug is needed to produce same effect Drug dose Drug effect Response to first exposure Tolerance Decrease in effect of a drug with repeated use…

Physical & Psychological Dependence Physical Dependence: Addiction based on drug tolerance and withdrawal symptoms Drug Tolerance: Reduction in body’s response to a drug Withdrawal Symptoms: Physical illness following withdrawal of the drug Psychological Dependence: Drug dependence based on psychological or emotional needs

Stimulants Amphetamines (Speed) Cocaine Crack “the crash”

Caffeine Most frequently used psychoactive drug Causes hand tremors, sweating, talkativeness, tinnitus, suppresses fatigue or sleepiness, increases alertness Caffeinism: Physiological dependence on caffeine Withdrawal: Insomnia, irritability, loss of appetite, chills, racing heart, elevated body temperature

Nicotine Natural stimulant found mainly in tobacco May cause stomach pain, vomiting, diarrhea, confusion, tremors Highly Addictive Responsible for 97% of lung cancer deaths in men, 74% in women

What is in a cigarette?

Second-hand smoke

Depressants Alcohol: NOT a stimulant but DOES lower inhibitions BBC's Horizon Is alcohol worse Barbiturates: Sedative drugs that depress brain activity Induce sleep, promote talkativeness, social interaction Benzodiazepines : Lower anxiety & tension Safer than Barbiturates Rohypnol: Related to Valium; lowers inhibitions and produces relaxation or intoxication. Larger doses can induce short-term amnesia and sleep Drug Interaction: One drug increases the effect of another GHB: depressant that relaxes and sedates; combination of degreasing solvent and drain cleaner Alcohol: NOT a stimulant but DOES lower inhibitions Depressant-impacts glutamate, serotonin and dopamine Binge Drinking: Five or more drinks in a short time; four or more for women - Serious sign of alcohol abuse http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zFS3MY7rrsI

Involved in up to 60% of all crimes.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Dawn Farm Education Series Oct 25, 2007

Depressants Opiates Heroin and morphine Addition comes fast and the withdrawal symptoms are bad

Some Health Risks of Using Marijuana Causes precancerous changes in lung cells. Can suppress immune system, perhaps increasing risk of disease. Activity levels in the cerebellum are lower than normal in pot users. Pot may damage some of the brain’s memory centers.

Treatment for Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Detoxification: Withdrawal of the person from alcohol; occurs in a medical setting and is tightly controlled; often necessary before long-term treatment begins Alcoholics Anonymous (AA): Worldwide self-help organization composed of recovering alcoholics; emphasizes admitting powerlessness over alcohol usage and wanting to recover.