Mutations Mutations are changes in DNA.

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Mutations Mutations are changes in DNA. Gene Alterations are mutations that change a gene. Mutations in gamete cells affect future generations. Mutations

Types of Mutations Point mutation – a change in a single nucleotide Substitution Addition Deletion Frame shift mutation – a change in an entire gene

Mutations

What type of mutation is this??

Cell Differentiation Cell differentiation – when a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell Example analogy ……like a regular doctor becoming a heart surgeon The Doctor is going from a general type to a more specific type

Stem cells are cells that have not yet become a specific type of cell Stem cells are cells that have not yet become a specific type of cell. They can be any type of cell! They have not differentiated, therefore they are great for research. Scientists can turn them into any cell they want!

Gene expression leads to cell differentiation How do these cells differentiate structurally and functionally, in spite of having the same genetic information? Gene expression leads to cell differentiation

Gene Expression Gene expression – the process by which information from a gene (in DNA) is used in making the appropriate proteins for that gene to be expressed in the organism *to be expressed means that it is visible or present in the organism

When are genes expressed? A gene is expressed only when it is transcribed Not all of the genes in an organism’s DNA are expressed all of the time

Think about it…… What might occur if an eyeball cell gene were expressed in the heart? Why could this be a problem, and why would it be important to regulate gene expression?

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