Chapter 1 Organization of the Human Body

Overview

Key Terms anabolism anatomic position anatomy catabolism cell extracellular homeostasis intracellular metabolism negative feedback Organ physiology system tissue

Studies of the Human Body Learning Objectives Define the terms anatomy and physiology. Describe the organization of the body from chemicals to the whole organism. List 11 body systems, and give the general function of each.

Metabolism and Its Regulation Learning Objectives Define and give examples of homeostasis. Using examples, discuss the components of a negative feedback loop. Define metabolism, and name the two types of metabolic reactions.

Body Directions Learning Objectives List and define the main directional terms for the body. List and define the three planes of division of the body.

Body Cavities and Regions Learning Objectives Name the subdivisions of the dorsal and ventral cavities. Name and locate the subdivisions of the abdomen. Cite some anterior and posterior body regions along with their common names.

Case Study Learning Objective Find examples of anatomic and physiologic terms in the case study.

Word Anatomy Learning Objective Show how word parts are used to build words related to the body’s organization.

Studies of the Human Body Learning Objectives Define the terms anatomy and physiology. Describe the organization of the body from chemicals to the whole organism. List 11 body systems, and give the general function of each.

Studies of the Human Body (cont.) Anatomy Study of body structure Dissection Physiology Study of body function

Levels of Organization Chemicals Cells Tissues Organs Systems Organism Fig. 1-1 What do specialized groups of cells form?

Body Systems (Organized by Function) Protection, support, and movement Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Coordination and control Nervous Endocrine Circulation and immunity Cardiovascular Lymphatic Energy supply and fluid balance Respiratory Digestive Urinary Production of offspring Reproductive

Effects of Aging Gradual changes occur in all body systems. Some changes are harmless. Wrinkles and gray hair Some changes may result in injury and disease. Decreased kidney function Loss of bone mass Formation of deposits within blood vessels

Body Systems: Summary (See the Student Resources on thePoint for this chart summarizing the body systems and their functions. Additional resources may be found on thePoint.) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ae4MadKPJC0

Studies of the Human Body (Review) ✓ Checkpoints 1-1 What are the studies of body structure and body function called? 1-2 What do organs working together combine to form?

Studies of the Human Body (Review) (cont.) ? Pop Quiz 1.1 Which is the most suitable field of study for an anatomist? The structure of the stomach The mechanism of protein digestion Stomach cancer Anabolic reactions

Studies of the Human Body (Review) (cont.) Pop Quiz Answer 1.1 Which is the most suitable field of study for an anatomist? The structure of the stomach The mechanism of protein digestion Stomach cancer Anabolic reactions ?

Studies of the Human Body (Review) (cont.) ? Pop Quiz 1.2 There are numerous levels of organization in the body. The correct order from simplest to most complex is Organ, tissue, cell, organism, system Cell, tissue, organ, system, organism System, cell, organ, organism, tissue Cell, system, tissue, organ, organism

Studies of the Human Body (Review) (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 1.2 There are numerous levels of organization in the body. The correct order from simplest to most complex is Organ, tissue, cell, organism, system Cell, tissue, organ, system, organism System, cell, organ, organism, tissue Cell, system, tissue, organ, organism

Studies of the Human Body (Review) (cont.) ? Pop Quiz 1.3 Which system is composed of bones and joints? Skeletal system Nervous system Immune system Muscular system

Studies of the Human Body (Review) (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 1.3 Which system is composed of bones and joints? Skeletal system Nervous system Immune system Muscular system

Metabolism and Its Regulation Learning Objectives Define and give examples of homeostasis. Using examples, discuss the components of a negative feedback loop. Define metabolism, and name the two types of metabolic reactions.

Homeostasis Body’s maintenance of internal balance. Body fluid balance is especially important. Extracellular fluid Blood plasma Lymph Fluid between cells Intracellular fluid Fluid within cells

Homeostasis and Negative Feedback Critical for maintaining our health Keeps body conditions within a normal range by reversing any upward or downward shift

Negative Feedback Fig. 1-2 How does a thermostat respond to a room temperature that falls below normal?

Negative Feedback and Body Temperature Fig. 1-3 How does the brain respond to an increase in body temperature?

Negative Feedback in the Endocrine System https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-aRut2kyksQ Fig. 1-4

Types of Metabolism Catabolism Reactions that break substances down Used to form ATP Anabolism Reactions that build substances up Often require ATP

Metabolism What type of metabolism does the digestive system do? Fig. 1-5 What type of metabolism does the digestive system do?

Metabolism and Its Regulation (Review) ✓ Checkpoints 1-3 Where are intracellular fluids located? Extracellular fluids? 1-4 What is the definition of homeostasis? 1-5 What are the three components of a negative feedback loop? 1-6 What are the two types of metabolic activities, and what happens during each?

Metabolism and Its Regulation (Review) (cont.) ? Pop Quiz 1.4 A reaction in which simple compounds are assembled into more complex compounds is most accurately described as a(n) Anabolic reaction Catabolic reaction Homeostatic reaction Metabolic reaction

Metabolism and Its Regulation (Review) (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 1.4 A reaction in which simple compounds are assembled into more complex compounds is most accurately described as a(n) Anabolic reaction Catabolic reaction Homeostatic reaction Metabolic reaction

Metabolism and Its Regulation (Review) (cont.) ? Pop Quiz 1.5 Which example illustrates negative feedback? Decreased blood sugar stimulates release of a hormone that further decreases blood sugar. Decreased room temperature activates a thermostat, which further decreases heat output by a furnace. A rise in blood calcium levels stimulates release of a hormone that lowers blood calcium levels. A rise in estrogen levels stimulates production of a hormone that stimulates estrogen production.

Metabolism and Its Regulation (Review) (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 1.5 Which example illustrates negative feedback? Decreased blood sugar stimulates release of a hormone that further decreases blood sugar. Decreased room temperature activates a thermostat, which further decreases heat output by a furnace. A rise in blood calcium levels stimulates release of a hormone that lowers blood calcium levels. A rise in estrogen levels stimulates production of a hormone that stimulates estrogen production.

Body Directions Learning Objectives List and define the main directional terms for the body. List and define the three planes of division of the body.

Directional Terms Healthcare professionals use standardized terms to describe body directions. Superior and inferior Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) Medial and lateral Proximal and distal All descriptions assume that the body is in anatomic position.

Directional Terms (cont.) What is the scientific name for the position in which the figures are standing? Fig. 1-6

Planes of Division Anatomists can divide the body along three planes, each of which is a cut through the body in a different direction. Frontal plane Sagittal plane Transverse plane

Planes of Division (cont.) Fig. 1-7 Which plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts? Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?

Planes of Division and Imaging Some additional terms, usually “sections,” are used to describe tissues and CT (computed tomography) or MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) images. Cross-section Longitudinal section Oblique section

Tissue Sections Fig. 1-8 Which section would cut a blood vessel in half along its long axis?

Cross-Sections in Imaging Fig. 1-9

Body Directions (Review) ✓ Checkpoints 1-7 What term describes a location farther from an origin, such as the wrist in comparison to the elbow? 1-8 What are the three planes in which the body can be cut?

Body Directions (Review) (cont.) ? Pop Quiz 1.6 Which term means closer to the body’s midline? Distal Lateral Medial Transverse

Body Directions (Review) (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 1.6 Which term means closer to the body’s midline? Distal Lateral Medial Transverse

Body Directions (Review) (cont.) ? Pop Quiz 1.7 A plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts is the Sagittal plane Proximal plane Frontal plane Midsagittal plane

Body Directions (Review) (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 1.7 A plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts is the Sagittal plane Proximal plane Frontal plane Midsagittal plane

Body Cavities and Regions Learning Objectives Name the subdivisions of the dorsal and ventral cavities. Name and locate the subdivisions of the abdomen. Cite some anterior and posterior body regions along with their common names.

Major Body Cavities The body is divided into two main cavities. Dorsal Cavity Two main subdivisions Cranial cavity Spinal cavity Ventral Cavity Two main subdivisions separated by the diaphragm Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity

Body Cavities Which cavity contains the diaphragm? Fig. 1-10

Thoracic Cavity Subdivisions Pericardial cavity Pleural cavity Mediastinum Which cavity contains the lung? Fig. 1-11

Abdominopelvic Cavity Subdivisions Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Fig. 1-10

The Nine Regions of the Abdomen Epigastric Umbilical Hypogastric Hypochondriac (left and right) Lumbar (left and right) Iliac or inguinal (left and right) Fig. 1-12 Which region contains the spleen?

9 Regions of the Abdomen

Four Quadrants of the Abdomen Right upper quadrant Left upper quadrant Right lower quadrant Left lower quadrant Fig. 1-13 In which region is pain from appendicitis most likely to be felt?

Anterior Body Regions Where would a pedal pulse be felt? Fig. 1-14

Posterior Body Regions Where would cervical pain be felt? Fig. 1-15

Body Cavities and Regions (Review) ✓ Checkpoints 1-9 Name the two main body cavities. 1-10 Name the three central regions and the three left and right lateral regions of the abdomen.

? Body Cavities and Regions (Review) (cont.) Pop Quiz 1.8 Which organ is NOT in the abdominopelvic cavity? Gallbladder Liver Lung Small intestine

Body Cavities and Regions (Review) (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 1.8 Which organ is NOT in the abdominopelvic cavity? Gallbladder Liver Lung Small intestine

Body Cavities and Regions (Review) (cont.) ? Pop Quiz 1.9 Which abdominal region is most inferior and medial? Epigastric region Hypogastric region Inguinal region Umbilical region

Body Cavities and Regions (Review) (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 1.9 Which abdominal region is most inferior and medial? Epigastric region Hypogastric region Inguinal region Umbilical region

Body Cavities and Regions (Review) (cont.) ? Pop Quiz 1.10 Which anatomic adjective describes the anterior thigh? Crural Femoral Popliteal Sural

Body Cavities and Regions (Review) (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 1.10 Which anatomic adjective describes the anterior thigh? Crural Femoral Popliteal Sural

The Language of Health Care Medical Terminology Root: main part Prefix: starts the word and modifies the root Suffix: ends the word and modifies the root

Important Medical Terms Pathology Diagnosis Symptoms Signs

The Language of Health Care (Review) ? Pop Quiz 1.11 The word part –stasis is best defined as Constant Downward Upward Variable

The Language of Health Care (Review) ? Pop Quiz Answer 1.11 The word part –stasis is best defined as Constant Downward Upward Variable

Case Study Learning Objective Find examples of anatomic and physiologic terms in the case study.

Case Study: Mike’s Case: Emergency Care and Possible System Failure Anatomic terms describe structures and locations such as: Lumbar Umbilical Inferiorly Antecubital Left upper quadrant Physiologic terms describe processes, events, changes, and signals such as: Hormone Homeostasis Blood pressure

Case Study: Review CasePoints 1-1 The paramedics were concerned about Mike’s spinal column and his blood vessels. To which system(s) do these structures belong? 1-2 In Mike’s case, what was the major challenge to his homeostasis? 1-3 Which of these is an effector in the feedback loop controlling Mike’s blood pressure—the brain or the heart? 1-4 Two important terms in Mike’s case are hypotensive and tachycardic. Name and define the prefix and root for each of these terms. 72

Word Anatomy Learning Objective Show how word parts are used to build words related to the body’s organization.

Word Anatomy (cont.) Word Part Meaning Example Studies of the Human Body dis- apart, away from To dissect is to cut apart. -logy study of Radiology is the study and use of radioactive substances. physi/o nature, physical Physiology is the study of how the body functions. -tomy cutting, incision of Anatomy

Word Anatomy (cont.) Word Part Meaning Example Metabolism ana- upward, again, back Anabolism is the building up of simple compounds into more complex substances. cata- down Catabolism is the breakdown of complex substances. extra- outside of, beyond Extracellular fluid is outside the cells. home/o- same Homeostasis is the steady state (sameness) within an organism. intra- within Intracellular fluid is within a cell. stat, -stasis stand, stoppage, constancy In homeostasis, “-stasis” refers to constancy.

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