Kingdom Protista

Protist Diversity If you look at a drop of pond water under a microscope, all the "little creatures" you see swimming around are protists. 200,000 species come in different shapes, sizes, and colors They are a Junk Drawer of organisms because they are so different from each other and they do not fit into any other biological kingdom 2

Even though they are different: How are they all similar? All protists have a nucleus and are therefore eukaryotic. All protists live in moist environments Protists are either plant-like, animal-like or fungus-like.

How do they Eat??? Plant-like protists are autotrophs – they contain chloroplasts and make their own food. Animal-like and fungus-like protists and are heterotrophs.

Protist Reproduction Protists can reproduce asexually creating genetically identical offspring Protists can also reproduce sexually creating genetically different offspring

Protists Plant-like (Algae) Fungus-like Animal-like (Protozoans)

Protozoans Animal-like Protists 7

Protozoans Unicellular – made up of one cell Heterotrophs – they eat other organisms or dead organic matter Classified by how they move The word protozoa means "little animal." They are so named because many species behave like tiny animals—specifically, they hunt and gather other microbes as food. 8

Amoebas Flagellates Ciliates Sporazoans Phyla of Protozoans Amoebas Flagellates Ciliates Sporazoans 9

Amoebas: the blobs No cell wall Move using pseudopods – plasma extensions Engulf bits of food by flowing around and over them 10

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Amoebas in Action They move when they engulf food and when there are changes in their environment like bright light or dry conditions.

Flagellates: the motorboats Use a whip-like extension called a flagella to move Some cause diseases 14

Trichomonas foetus : cow disease 15

Giardia

Ciliates: the hairy ones Move beating tiny hairs called cilia 17

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Sporazoans: the parasite Non-motile - Do not move Parasites: Live inside a host One type causes malaria 22

Malaria in red blood cells 24

Vacuoles All protozoa digest their food in stomach-like compartments called vacuoles <vac-you-ohls>. As they chow down, they make and give off nitrogen, which is an element that plants and other higher creatures can use. Contractile vacuoles excrete excess water from the protazoa.

Algae Plantlike Protists 27

What are Algae? Multicellular – made of more than one cell Photosynthetic – make their own food No roots, stems, or leaves Each has chlorophyll and other photosynthetic pigments 28

Euglenoids Diatoms Dinoflagellates Red, Brown, & Green Algae Phyla of Algae Euglenoids Diatoms Dinoflagellates Red, Brown, & Green Algae 29

Plant-like protists are algae. Algae are eukaryotic autotrophs. They, along with other eukaryotic autotrophs, form the foundation of Earth’s food chains. They produce much of Earth’s oxygen.

Euglenoids: The Survivors Aquatic Move around like animals Can ingest food from surroundings when light is not available 31

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Diatoms: The Golden Ones Have shells made of silica (glass) Photosynthetic pigment called carotenoids – give them a golden color 34

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DIATOMS

Dinoflagellates: The Spinning Ones Spin around using two flagella Responsible for Red Tides Create toxins that can kill animals and sometimes people 38

There are three unicellular phyla of algae: Phylum Euglenophyta Phylum Bacillariophyta Phylum Dinoflagellata

Members of first phylum of algae, Euglenophyta, are both plant-like and animal-like. Euglena are autotrophs since they make food from sunlight and Heterotrophs since they ingest food from surrounding water.

The second unicellular algae, Bacillariophyta, are photosynthetic autotrophs. They have shells of silica. They make up a large portion of the world’s phytoplankton which is Earth’s largest provider of oxygen.

Multicellular algae are classified by color.

Red Algae: The…uh…Red Ones (duh) Seaweeds Multicellular, marine organisms Have red and blue pigments 49

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Brown Algae: The Brown Ones (You think?) They have air bladders to help them float at the surface – where the light is. 52

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Green Algae: Yeah, You Guessed it, The Green Ones Most live in fresh water Can be unicellular or multicellular Live alone or in groups called colonies 55

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Phylum Phaeophyta is made up of the brown algae. They are found in cool saltwater along rocky coasts. Giant Kelp are the largest and most complex brown algae. They have hold fasts and air bladders.

The last of the multicellular algae are the green algae from the Phylum chlorophyta. Most green algae are found in fresh water habitats.

A Volvox is a hollow boll composed of hundreds of flagellated cells in a single layer.

Chlamydomonas are actually unicellular and flagellated.

Fungus-like protists, Myxomycota and Oomycota are decomposers. Phylum Myxomycota are made up of plasmodial slime molds. Phylum Oomycota is made up of water molds and downy molds.

Slime Molds Slime molds have traits like both fungi and animals Slime Molds Slime molds have traits like both fungi and animals. During good times, they live as independent, amoeba-like cells, dining on fungi and bacteria. But if conditions become uncomfortable—not enough food available, the temperature isn't right, etc.—individual cells begin gathering together to form a single structure. The new communal structure produces a slimy covering and is called a slug because it so closely resembles the animal you sometimes see gliding across sidewalks. The slug oozes toward light. When the communal cells sense that they've come across more food or better conditions, the slug stops

Water molds from the Phylum Oomycota are classified as protists because they have flagellated reproductive cells. Downy mildews parasitize plants and are decomposers in freshwater ecosystems.