Implementation of the New Law of the Sea

Implementation of the New Law of the Sea All coastal countries now have a recognized right to use and regulate the fishing in their coastal zones. And, by a 1980 count, 97 had claimed jurisdiction over 200-mi-wide zones. The new Law of the Sea created a massive reallocation among nations of the right to fish. The 200-mi zone along coasts and around islands contains about 99% of the world’s land. Much of the catches from these stocks had been taken by the distant-water fishing fleets of about two dozen countries that traditionally had fished in many areas without restraint ad without even maintaining the records of catch and effort that are essential for tracking the condition of the stocks.

Implementation of the New Law of the Sea continued..... Particularly damaging had been the practice of “pulse” fishing, in which some fleets fished an area intensively until the fishing became unprofitable and then moved to another area. Now coastal countries have the resources allocated to them. They have the opportunities to obtain optimum yield, to allow their citizens to fish the coastal waters, to lease any part of the fishing rights to foreign fishermen, and to use access to the resources as part of a bargain, such as a joint venture in which the country receives a fish processing facility and part of the catch in return for the fishing rights.

Implementation of the New Law of the Sea continued..... Along with the opportunities come obligations. The law requires control of fishing to ensure conservation, which requires scientific knowledge of the resources and statistical information on the fishing. The law also requires granting of access to foreign fishermen if the coastal state does not harvest the optimum catch. Taking advantage of the opportunities and complying with the obligations will require most countries to form new or enlarged fishery regulatory and development organizations.

Implementation of the New Law of the Sea continued..... Regulatory organizations (see Chapter 3) will need competence to perform research, collect statistics on the fishing, negotiate with foreign countries about fishing and fishing boundary zones, make decisions about regulations, and enforce regulations. Development organizations will need competence to perform economic, social, and organizational planning, as well as knowledge of the business of fishing processing, and marketing (see Chapter 15). All countries will have boundary problems with their neighbors and will probably join regional fishery organizations. Implementation will be a long and continuing process.

Excerpts Pertaining to Fisheries from the law of the Sea After centuries of piecemeal development of the Law of the Sea, a process began in 1969 under the United Nations to prepare a comprehensive legal code. It was agreed to cover 25 main subjects, most of which involve several issues. The subjects pertaining especially to fisheries included No.5, continental shelf; No.6, Exclusive Economic Zone beyond the territorial sea; No.7, coastal state preferential rights or other nonexclusive jurisdiction over resources beyond the territorial sea; No.8, high seas, No.9 landlocked countries, No.10, rights and interests of shelf-locked states and states with narrow shelves or short coastlines; No.12, preservation of the marine environment; and No.13, scientific research.

Excerpts Pertaining to Fisheries from the law of the Sea continued.... After several arduous meetings, a convention was adopted on 30 April 1982 [Simmonds K.R. (1983), “United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982. “Oceana, Dobbs Ferry, New York. It is a complex document containing 320 articales plus annexes that deal with virtually all human activities outside the territorial sea. When it was presented to member countries for a vots, a large majority approved, several obtained, and four, including the United State, declined to ratify. (The U.S. Disagreed with the provisions regarding marine mining.) Many matters offers remain difficult or abstruse and debate will continue, but the provisions with respect to fisheries have been widely agreed upon.

Excerpts Pertaining to Fisheries from the law of the Sea continued.... The principal articles (much abbreviated) are as follows. 56. Rights , jurisdiction and duties of the coastal State in the exclusive economic zone. In the exclusive zone, the coastal State has: (a) sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring and exploiting, conserving and managing the natural resources, whether living or non-living. 57. Breadth of the exclusive economic zone. The exclusive economic zone shall not extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.

Excerpts Pertaining to Fisheries from the law of the Sea continued.... 61. Conservation of the living resources. 1. The coastal State shall determine the allowable catch of the living resource in its exclusive economic zone. 2. The coastal State. Taking into account the best scientific evidence available to it. Shall ensure through proper conservation and management measures that the maintenance of the living resources in the exclusive economic zone is not endangered by over-exploitation. As regional, regional or global , shall cooperate to this end.

Excerpts Pertaining to Fisheries from the law of the Sea continued.... 61. Conservation of the living resources continued..... 3. Such measures shall also be designed to maintain or restore populations of harvested species at levels which can produce the maximum sustainable yield. As qualified by relevant environmental and economic factors, including the economic needs of coastal fishing communities and the special requirements of developing States, and taking into account fishing patterns. The interdependence of stocks and any generally recommended international minimum standards whether subregional, regional or global. 4. In taking such measures the coastal State shall take into consideration the effects on species associated with or dependent upon harvested species above levels at which their reproduction may become seriously threatened.

Excerpts Pertaining to Fisheries from the law of the Sea continued.... 61. Conservation of the living resources continued..... 5. Available scientific information, catch and fishing effort statistics, and other data relevant to the conservation of fish stocks shall be contributed and exchanged on regular basis through competent international organizations, whether subregional, regional or global where appropriate, and with participation by all states concerned, including States whose nationals are allowed to fish in the exclusive economic zone.

Excerpts Pertaining to Fisheries from the law of the Sea continued.... Utilization of the living resources : 1. The coastal state shall promote the objective of optimum utilization of the living resources in the exclusive economic zone… 2. The coastal State shall determine its capacity to harvest the living resources of the exclusive economic zone. Where the coastal State does not have the capacity to harvest the entire allowable catch, it shall ….. give other States access to the surplus of the allowable catch…..

Excerpts Pertaining to Fisheries from the law of the Sea continued.... Utilization of the living resources : 3. In giving access to other states….the coastal State shall take into account all relevant factors including……the economy of the coastal State concerned and its other national interests----the requirements of developing States………….and the need to minimize economic dislocation in States whose nationals have habitually fished in the zone or which have made substantial efforts in research and identification of the stocks.

Excerpts Pertaining to Fisheries from the law of the Sea continued.... Utilization of the living resources : 4. Nationals of other States fishing in the exclusive economic zone shall comply with the conservation measures…..and regulations of the coastal State. These…..may relate …..to the following: Licensing offishermen, fishing vessels, and equipment including payment of fees….... species which may be caught…. Quotas of catch during any period; Regulating the seasons and areas of fishing, the types, sizes and amount of gear and the numbers, sizes and types of fishing vessels that may be used. Fixing the age and size of fish….that may be caught.Specifying information required of fishing vessels, including catch and effort statistics and vessel position reports:

Excerpts Pertaining to Fisheries from the law of the Sea continued.... Utilization of the living resources : c. Regulating the seasons and areas of fishing, the types, sizes and amount of gear and the numbers, sizes and types of fishing vessels that may be used. d. Fixing the age and size of fish….that may be caught. E . Specifying information required of fishing vessels, including catch and effort statistics and vessel position reports F . Requiring….fisheries research programmes…and reporting of associated scientific data

Excerpts Pertaining to Fisheries from the law of the Sea continued.... Utilization of the living resources : g. The placing of observers or trainees on board such vessels… h . The landing of all or any part of the catch..in the coastal State. i. Terms and conditions relating to joint ventures or other cooperative arrangements. j. …training of personnel and the transfer of fisheries technology, including…fisheries research. k. Enforcement procedures.

Excerpts Pertaining to Fisheries from the law of the Sea continued.... 63. Stocks occurring within the exclusive economic comes of two or more coastal States or both thin the exclusive economic zone and in an area beyond and adjacent to it. 1. Where the same stock or stocks of associated species occur within the exclusive economic zones of two or more coastal States, these States shell seek….to agree upon the measures necessary to….ensure the conservation and development of such stocks…..High migratory species.  

Excerpts Pertaining to Fisheries from the law of the Sea continued.... 1….States whose national fish…..for highly migratory species…..shall cooperate with a view to ensuring conservation……and optium utilization of such species…….both within and beyond the exclusive economic zone…….Marine mammals. Nothing…..restricts the right of a coastal state…..to regulate the exploitation of marine mammals more strictly than provided for in this part. States shall co-operate with a view to Anadromous Stocks.  

Excerpts Pertaining to Fisheries from the law of the Sea continued.... 1. States in whose rivers anndromous fish originate shall have the primary interest in and responsibility for such stocks. 2. Right of the coastal State over the Coninental Shelf 3. The natural resources referred toin this Part consist of the mineral and other non-living resources of the sea-bed together with living organisms belonging to sedentary species, that is to say, organisms which, at the harvestable stage, either are immobile on or under the sea-bed or are unable to move except in constant physical contact with the sea-bed or the subsoil.

Excerpts Pertaining to Fisheries from the law of the Sea continued.... 207. Pollution from land-based sources. 1. States shall…..prevent, reduce, and control pollution from….rivers, estuaries, pipelines and outfall structures…… 210. Pollution by Dumping 1. States shall….prevent, reduce and control….dumping  

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