INTRO :- FROM WHERE WE CAN OBTAIN WATER IN DESIRED QUALITY & QUANTITY FOR REQUIRED PERIOD OF TIME SOURCES OF WATER

SURFACE SOURCE SUB-SURFACE SOURCE TYPES OF SOURCES OF WATER

SURFACE WATER SOURCE RAINFALL (PRECIPITATION) ………………..1. RIVER ………………..2. LAKES ………………..3. STREAMS ………………..4. PONDS ………………..5. IMPONDED RESERVOIRS

WATER CYCLE CLOUDS SUN PERCOLATION EVAPORATION LAKE SEA

RAINFALL (PRECIPITATION) GROUND PERCOLATION = 50% SURFACE RUN-OFF = 50 % …………15 – 20 % surface supply ………….30 – 35 % evaporation

NATURAL SURFACE SOURCES FLOWING SOURCES – ………………………RIVERS & STREAMS NON–FLOWING SOURCES – ………………………LAKES & PONDS

ARTIFICIAL SURFACE SOURCES IMPONDED RESERVOIR RAINN WATER DUPMS

IMPONDED RESERVOIR WATER RETAINING STRUCTURE

IMPONDED ESERVOIR Def. – An artificial structure constructed across the valley containing water course to impound or store the water stream so that it may be used for water supply. It has 3 parts……. 1. Dam to hold the water 2. Spillway to release the extra water 3. Gates to regulate the flow of water supply

LOCATION FACTORS # Quantity of water # Quality of water # Shortest dam size # Suitable elevation (height) # density & distribution of population around catchment area # Location of consumer population # Location of nearby highways, electric lines, bridges, rail lines etc. # Geological stability

QUALITY V/S QUANTITY OF SURFACE WATER - Ensure quantity first - Availability for longer period - Up streams can give good quality water - Surface waters are more contaminated

SUB-SURFACE WATER Definition :- It is the available stock of water under the ground surface in flowing or static condition due the continuous percolation of rain water or water from surface sources like river or lakes. It is also called under-ground water. It is a natural phenomenon.

OCCURANCE OF SUB-SURFACE WATER Depends upon…….. …..Amount & intensity of rainfall …..Distribution of rainfall ……Slope of ground …..Permeability of ground surface

QUALITY V/S QUANTITY OF SUB-SURFACE WATER OLD VIEW – GROUND WATER IS PURE MODERN VIEW – NO NATURAL SOURCE IS PURE

SUB-SURFACE SOURCE OF WATER SPRINGS WELLS ARTESIAN WELL INFILTERATION GALLARIES INFILTERATION WELLS

SPRINGS

OPEN WELL

ARTESIAN WELL

CHOICE OF SOURCE FOR WATER SUPPLY SCHEME 1. LOCATION OF WATER SOURCE 2. QUANTITY OF WATER 3. QUALITY OF WATER 4. THE COST OF WATER SUPPLY SCHEME

TUBE WELL

INTAKES RESERVOIR INTAKE RIVER INTAKE CANAL INTAKE LAKE INTAKE