The Industrial Revolution

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Presentation transcript:

The Industrial Revolution Chapter 25

The Beginnings of Industrialization Industrial Revolution – greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England in the middle 1700s (compare to today) Wealthy buying up land led to large farms and improved farming methods (compare to today) enclosures – large fields separated by fences or hedges seeding and harvesting innovations developed Jethro Tull - seed drill (1701) puts crops in rows and inserts seeds into ground instead of scattering them crop rotation – planting different crops each year so as to not deplete the nutrients in the soil Livestock breeders improved animals and they became larger. Excess food allows population to grow with fewer farmers needed who went to work in factories (China today)

The Beginnings of Industrialization Why the Industrial Revolution began in England Large population of workers Extensive natural resources Water power Coal Iron ore Inland river transportation Harbors Expanding economy Business people who invested in inventions Banking system (loans) Political stability – pro-business laws and no military action on British soil

The Beginnings of Industrialization Industrialization – process of developing machine production of goods Factors of Production – resources to make goods Land Labor Capital Entrepreneurship – a person who organizes, manages and takes on the risks of a business Technology Textiles were the 1st industry to be industrialized Textile inventions John Kay – flying shuttle James Hargreaves - spinning Jenny Richard Arkwright – water frame Edmund Cartwright – power loom Eli Whitney – cotton gin factories machines in large buildings

The Beginnings of Industrialization Steam engine – 1705 – water pumps in coal mines James Watt – better steam engine Robert Fulton – steamboat – 1807 – Clermont Canals macadam – smooth layer of crushed rock used for roads turnpikes – toll roads Steam driven locomotive was developed in early 1800s 1st line was 27 miles to transport coal to port (27 miles long) George Stephenson pioneered early locomotives 24mph hauling several tons 4 Effects of RR Spurred industry due to cheap transportation Created 100s of 1000s of jobs Boosted agriculture and fishing industries People could travel more readily

Industrialization Industrialization brought jobs, but also pollution, child labor, poor working conditions and class tension Factories paid better than farms allowing people to buy coal, beef and clothing (China today) Cities swell in population often doubling or more urbanization – city building and the movement of people to cities No development plans, sanitary or building codes with limited housing, education or police (Manhattan and mafia) Sickness, lifespan was short, unpaved streets with no drains or trash removal Wealthy move to suburbs

Industrialization Working Conditions 14+ hour working days 6 days a week Work was the same day in and day out – monotonous Factories were poorly lit and dirty Workers injured had no govt. help Mining was the most dangerous

Industrialization Tremendous wealth with merchants, owners and shippers Middle Class - a social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people and wealthy farmers Eventually the middle class divided with an upper and lower level Working class – living conditions worsened and jobs were lost to machines riots and machines destroyed, child labor and pollution IR – positive effects – created jobs, created wealth, technological innovation and inventions, raised standard of living, provides hope, better diets, improved housing, cheaper clothing, demand for more education, worker’slives eventually improved Long-term effects of IR – increase in consumer goods purchases and tax revenues for govt.

Industrialization spreads Industrialization spreads to the United States and continental Europe War of 1812 and British blockade forces U.S. to produce their own goods U.S. had plenty or resources Engineers, mechanics and toolmakers forbidden from leaving Britain 1789 Samuel Slater builds machine from memory 1790 1st U.S. factory Lowell ,MA has entire textile process mechanized 1000s of girls move to work in mills

Industrialization spreads NE U.S. became industrialized Railroads also led to expansion with grain in MN and cattle in Chicago stock – shares of a company corporation – owned by shareholders, but act as a separate person Giant corporations controlled entire industries (Standard Oil and Carnegie Steel) Japan, Belgium, Germany, Spain and France industrialize Increased competition and led to wealth gap between countries Colonies exploited for resources (today?) Industrialization overall improved daily life, health and life expectancy Middle class growth improved education, democracy and reform movements

Reforming the industrial world laissez-faire – letting business go without interference of government “let do” let the people do as they please Adam Smith – 1776 “The Wealth of Nations” espouses free markets Three Natural Laws of Economics Law of Self-Interest – people work for their own good Law of Competition – competition forces people to make better products Law of Supply and Demand – goods produced at lowest possible price to meet demand Capitalism – economic system where factors of production are privately owned to make a profit Thomas Malthus – population increased more rapidly than the food supply with epidemics and war – most people destined to be poor and miserable

Reforming the industrial world utilitarianism – government should promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people (Bentham) John Stuart Mill – promoted worker’s and women’s rights, prison and education reform, and elimination of large wealth divisions socialism - factors of production are owned by the public and operated for the welfare of all – government should plan the economy and control major industries Karl Marx - The Communist Manifesto – society always warred and workers and employers were no different capitalist system would be destroyed and workers would control factories sharing the wealth equally Government would be cooperative living with an eventual classless society communism – complete socialism, no private property, everything owned by the people, all goods and services would be shared equally Marx inspired revolts in Russia, China and Cuba

Reforming the industrial world union – voluntary labor organizations collective bargaining – negotiations between workers and employers strike – refuse to work Illegal at times to unionize and/or strike Unions aimed to raise wages and improve working conditions Laws passed to help workers – child labor (page 738), mines, women, and factory conditions (OSHA)

Reforming the industrial world British end slave trade in 1807 and slavery in1833 Slavery ends U.S. 1865 Puerto Rico 1873 Cuba 1886 Brazil 1888 Reforms spread to women, education (Horace Mann), & prison,