Mechanical loading regimes affect the anabolic and catabolic activities by chondrocytes encapsulated in PEG hydrogels G.D. Nicodemus, S.J. Bryant Osteoarthritis.

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Mechanical loading regimes affect the anabolic and catabolic activities by chondrocytes encapsulated in PEG hydrogels G.D. Nicodemus, S.J. Bryant Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Volume 18, Issue 1, Pages 126-137 (January 2010) DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2009.08.005 Copyright © 2009 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 (a) Schematic of the dynamic loading profiles and experimental conditions employed in this study to mechanically stimulate chondrocytes encapsulated into PEG hydrogels. The sinusoidal waveform pictured at the top of the figure indicates dynamic compressive loading whereas horizontal lines indicate down-time. Hydrogels were subject to unconfined dynamic compressive strains applied either continuously (CL) or intermittently (IL) in a sinusoidal waveform from 5 to 20% strain at 0.3Hz. IIL and DIL were used in the second study. For all loading conditions, a porous disc, which is placed in the base of a tissue culture well, and a porous platen that applies dynamic compressive strains axially confine the gel. Three culture conditions were employed and are referenced throughout the manuscript as follows: (b) dynamically loaded constructs (hydrogels were subject to the tare strain and then dynamically stimulated between 5 and 20% strain), (c) control constructs (hydrogels were subject to the tare strain imparted by the platen, 5%), and (d) FS constructs. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2010 18, 126-137DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2009.08.005) Copyright © 2009 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 The effects of continuous (CL, ●) vs intermittent (IL, ○) loading as a function of culture time for the normalized expression for COL2 (a), AGC (b), MMPs-1 (c), -3 (d) and -13 (e). Normalized expression is defined as the relative expression (gene of interest relative to housekeeping gene expression) for the dynamically loaded gels and normalized to the relative expression for the respective day 0 expression levels. Controls (♦) represent an average from the two separate runs performed at different times (‘loading controls’ were run with CL samples and a separate set of ‘controls’ were run with IL samples). * indicates significant difference from day 0 (P<0.05), ‡ indicates a significant difference between CL and IL conditions for overall expression profile (P<0.05). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2010 18, 126-137DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2009.08.005) Copyright © 2009 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 The influence of dynamic loading on gene expression. The responses of dynamically loaded gels were normalized to that of their internal control gels for COL2 (a), AGC (b), MMPs-1 (c), -3 (d) and -13 (e). Data is represented as log2 of the mean fold change, where a value of 0 indicates no difference from control, values of 1, 2, or 3 indicate a 2-, 4- or 8-fold upregulation, respectively, and negative values indicate a down-regulation. * indicates a significant difference from control gels at the same time point and loading condition (P<0.05), ‡ indicates a significant difference between CL and IL conditions for overall profile (P<0.05). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2010 18, 126-137DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2009.08.005) Copyright © 2009 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 The total amount of GAG accumulated in the hydrogel construct per wet weight hydrogel and subject to either FS (♦), CL, ●, or IL (IL, ○) conditions. * indicates significant difference from day 0 (P<0.05), ‡ indicates a significant difference between CL and IL conditions (P<0.05). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2010 18, 126-137DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2009.08.005) Copyright © 2009 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 The effects of the timing at which loading was applied, immediately (IIL) (a, c, (●)) or delayed (DIL) (b, d, ○), on gene expression for COL2 (a-b) and AGC (c-d). Data are presented as normalized expression relative to day 0. Vertical line at day 7 represents the time at which the gels were switched from either IL to FS (IIL) or FS to IL (DIL). † indicates a significant difference between day 7 and day 0 (P<0.05), * indicates significant difference from levels measured at day 7 (P<0.05). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2010 18, 126-137DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2009.08.005) Copyright © 2009 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 The effects of the timing at which loading was applied, immediately, (IIL) (a, c, (●)) or delayed (DIL) (b, d, ○), on gene expression for MMP-1 (a, b), MMP-3 (c, d) and MMP-13 (e, f). Data are presented as normalized expression relative to day 0. Vertical line at day 7 represents the time at which the gels were switched from either IL to FS (IIL) or FS to IL (DIL). † indicates a significant difference between day 7 and day 0 (P<0.05), * indicates significant difference from levels measured at day 7 (P<0.05). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2010 18, 126-137DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2009.08.005) Copyright © 2009 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 7 Isolating the effects of dynamic loading on gene expression for the delayed intermitting loading (DIL) scheme. The responses of dynamically loaded gels were normalized to that of the control gels for anabolic genes (a) and catabolic genes (b). Data is represented as log2 of the mean fold change, where a value of 0 indicates no difference from control, values of 1, 2, or 3 indicate a 2-, 4- or 8-fold upregulation, respectively, and negative values indicate a down-regulation. * indicates a significant difference from control gels at the same time point and loading condition (P<0.05), ‡ indicates a significant difference between CL and IL conditions for overall profile (P<0.05). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2010 18, 126-137DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2009.08.005) Copyright © 2009 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 8 The effects of the culture environment where gene expression for control gels (gray) and dynamically loaded gels (black) at the end of each loading period (day 7 for the IIL condition and day 15 for the DIL condition) were normalized to FS gels at same time point (no bar, but standard deviation is provided). Anabolic (a) and catabolic (b) expression data are represented as log2 of the mean fold change, where a value of 0 indicates no difference from control, values of 1, 2, or 3 indicate a 2-, 4- or 8-fold upregulation, respectively, and negative values indicate a down-regulation. * indicates a significant difference from FS gels (P<0.05), † indicates a significant difference between dynamically loaded and control gels (P<0.05). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2010 18, 126-137DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2009.08.005) Copyright © 2009 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 9 The total amount of GAG accumulated in the hydrogel construct per wet weight hydrogel and subject to IIL (●), or DIL (○) conditions. * indicates significant difference from day 0 (P<0.05), † indicates a significant difference between IIL and DIL samples at same time point (P<0.05). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2010 18, 126-137DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2009.08.005) Copyright © 2009 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 10 Gross examination of matrix deposition by histological evaluation for chondrocytes encapsulated in PEG hydrogels subject to either IIL or DIL after 7 or 15 days. Sections were stained for GAGs (red) using Safranin-O/Fast green or collagen (blue) using Masson's Trichrome. Cell nuclei (dark purple) were counterstained using hematoxylin. Original magnification is 100×. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2010 18, 126-137DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2009.08.005) Copyright © 2009 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 11 Gross examination of cartilage-matrix deposition by immunohistochemical evaluation for chondrocytes encapsulated in PEG hydrogels subject to either IIL or DIL after 7 or 15 days. Sections were stained for cell nuclei (purple), COL2 (green), and AGC (red) and imaged by laser scanning confocal microscopy. Composite images are also shown from the single image captured. Original magnification is 100×. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2010 18, 126-137DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2009.08.005) Copyright © 2009 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions