KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.

Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties. Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms. Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures. straight chain branched chain ring

Isomers Isomers are molecules that have the same chemical formula but a different Shape. Remember – “ form determines function” – the shape of the molecule has everything to do with its function

Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together. Monomers are the individual subunits. Polymers are made of many monomers.

Biomolecules (continued) Polymers – a large molecule that is made from smaller building blocks called monomers 1. Carbohydrates – polymer made from monomers called monosaccharides (simple sugars) 2. Proteins – polymer made from monomers called amino acids 3. Nucleic acids – polymer made from monomers called nucleotides

Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. Macromolecules – large biomolecules 1. Carbohydrates 2. Proteins 3. Nucleic acids 4. Lipids

Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. In the ratio – CH2O Monomer – monosaccharides – simple sugar - glucose

Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches. Monosaccharides are simple sugars. Polysaccharides include starches, cellulose, and glycogen.

Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells. Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure. Polymer (starch) Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure. Polymer (cellulose) Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure monomer

Biomolecules Lipids – fats and oils – C, O, and much more H than carbohydrates – 2 unique properties 1. Not a polymer 2. Nonpolar – not soluble in water

Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids. Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol. Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids. Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol. Triglyceride

Lipids have several different functions. broken down as a source of energy make up cell membranes used to make hormones – estrogen and testosterone

Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids. saturated fatty acids unsaturated fatty acids

Phospholipids make up all cell membranes. Polar phosphate “head” Nonpolar fatty acid “tails” Phospholipid

Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. - Made of C, H, O, N, and some sulfur (S)

Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.

Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups. Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.

Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids. Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape. hydrogen bond Hemoglobin Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function.

Biomolecules (cont.) Protein uses a. Enzymes – controls the rate of chemical reactions b. Structure c. Blood – hemoglobin in red blood cells – carries oxygen d. Immunity – fights diseases e. Muscles - movement

Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. Made of C, H, O, N, and P

Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. A phosphate group nitrogen-containing molecule, called a base deoxyribose (sugar)

Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. DNA stores genetic information. DNA RNA builds proteins. RNA

What’s in your food? http://www.il.mahidol.ac.th/course/respiration/Lesson3_menu.html

BENEDICT’S TEST for SIMPLE SUGARS Color varies from a green to brick-red precipitate depending on the amount and kind of sugar present. http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Laboratory/Chemical%20Composition%20of%2 0Cells/Chemical%20Composition%20of%20Cells.htm

BIURET’S TEST for PROTEINS Biuret solution – for proteins Color Indication Blue No protein or peptides Violet        Protein (complete product; one or more chains) Pink Peptides (two or more amino acids) http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Laboratory/Chemical%20Composition%20of%20Cells/ Chemical%20Composition%20of%20Cells.htm

Iodine turns BLUE-BLACK in the presence of starch. IODINE TEST for STARCH Iodine turns BLUE-BLACK in the presence of starch. http://faculty.ntcc.edu/mhearron/cell_chemistry.htm

SUDAN TEST (Lipids) Turns red in the presence of lipids. POSITIVE SUDAN TEST http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/Summaries/Macromol.html

PAPER BAG TEST for LIPIDS http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Laboratory/Chemical%20Composition%20of%2 0Cells/Chemical%20Composition%20of%20Cells.htm