Water management Mohamed Wahby Hussien Alexandria University - Faculty of science Microbiology/Environmental sciences Bibliotheca Alexandrina – LYM – April 15, 2012

Contents Water chemical and physical properties Water cycle Water importance Water uses Water availability The driving forces and pressures on our water resources Egypt … a crisis we dont see

Contents Water chemical and physical properties Water cycle Water importance Water uses Water availability The driving forces and pressures on our water resources Egypt … a crisis we dont see

Chemical composition

Solvent Water is called the "universal solvent" because it dissolves all substances

Water pH

Three states Water is unique in that it is the only natural substance that is found in all three physical states liquid, solid, and gas

Phase changes in water

Difference between vapour and steam Water vapour is the gas formed when water evaporates and becomes a gas it is invisible

Difference between vapour and steam Steam is a collection of small water droplets formed when water vapour condense in the air and it is visible as a cloud.

Contents Water chemical and physical properties Water cycle Water importance Water uses Water availability The driving forces and pressures on our water resources Egypt … a crisis we dont see

Water cycle

Contents Water chemical and physical properties Water cycle Water importance Water uses Water availability The driving forces and pressures on our water resources Egypt … a crisis we dont see

Water importance

Contents Water chemical and physical properties Water cycle Water importance Water uses Water availability The driving forces and pressures on our water resources Egypt … a crisis we dont see

Water uses

Contents Water chemical and physical properties Water cycle Water importance Water uses Water availability The driving forces and pressures on our water resources Egypt … a crisis we dont see

Water distribution in nature

Contents Water chemical and physical properties Water cycle Water importance Water uses Water availability The driving forces and pressures on our water resources Egypt … a crisis we dont see

The driving forces and pressures on our water resources Population growth, particularly in water-short regions Major demographic changes as people move from rural to urban environments Higher demands for food security and socio-economic well-being Pollution from industrial, municipal and agricultural sources.

Contents Water chemical and physical properties Water cycle Water importance Water uses Water availability The driving forces and pressures on our water resources Egypt … a crisis we dont see

Egypt challenges Arid About 98% of its fresh water resources from outside its international borders Increasing population (86 million, 2025) 1 more country is added to the Nile basin.

Nile basin

I. Water supplies(10 9 m 3 /yr) Nile water * Groundwater: In the Delta and New Valley In the desert0.5 Reuse of agricultural drainage water Treated sewage water Management and saving wasted water?1.0? Total II. Water demands(10 9 m 3 /yr) Agriculture Households Industry Navigation Total * After the Gungli Canal Based on Abdel-Dayem (1994) and El-Kassas (1998).

Future challenges for water management in Egypt, Dia Al-Quesy, 2008 Distribution of water uses in Egypt, 2008 Agricultural56.4 (BCM) Industrial5.1 (BCM) Municipal9 (BCM)

FAO Water Report 29 (2005) Irrigation techniques Total: ha in 2000

Water quantity per capita (m3) Water Issue in Egypt: Resources, Pollution and Protection Endeavors Hussein I. Abdel-Shafy 1 and Raouf O. Aly 2

Water quantity per capita (m3) UN – bottom line Water Issue in Egypt: Resources, Pollution and Protection Endeavors Hussein I. Abdel-Shafy 1 and Raouf O. Aly 2

Future challenges

Almost two in every three people who need safe drinking water survive on less than $2 a day and one in three on less than $1 a day.

Facts

2.5 billion people lack access to improved sanitation

Improved sanitation facilities are estimated to result in an average reduction in cases of diarrhea of more than 33%

Washing hands with soap has been found to reduce diarrhea by more than 40%

What you can do? Turn off the water while shaving Scrape dishes instead of rinsing them Purchase a high-efficiency washing machine and wash only full loads Water your lawn only in the early morning or evening to avoid losing water to evaporation Constant repair and check ups

Know the value of what you are using

Thank you