MOTIVATION AND EMOTION Allameh Tabatabae’I University Winter 2017

Session 2 & 3 Chapter 2, Reeve’s book

Review Main concepts (law, theory, hypothesis, effect, principle, emotion, motivation) Themes in studying motivations Motivational sources Motivation expression Motivational competition Motivational continuity

Motivation is like the steering and Emotion is like the fuel 01:15 Motivation is like the steering and Emotion is like the fuel

Kinds of theory Grand theory Theory Mini theories specific motivational phenomenon motivational phenomenon (e.g., the flow experience) particular circumstances that affect motivation (e.g., failure feedback) groups of people (e.g., extraverts, children, workers) theoretical question (e.g., What is the relationship between cognition and emotion?)

History of motivational theories Scientists Date Theory Realm of science Grand theories Plato Aristotle Thomas Aquinas Descartes Charles Darwin William James William McDougal Woodworth Freud Hall Lichtenberg 4th century 13th century 16th century 19th century 20th century 21th century Appetitive-competitive- calculating aspects Nutritive- sensitive- rational aspects irrational and rational motivations Body and will (physiology and philosophy) Instinct Stimulus + instinct = goal-directed behavior Small theories Motivational systems Philosophy Psychology Will Drive

History of motivational theories Scientists Date Realm of science Charles Darwin William James William McDougal Hall 19th century 20th century By the late 1960 Early of 1970 After then philosophy Physiology & science psychology Experimental psychology Biology needs Cognitive revolution Social psychology

Seven motivational systems 00:30 Seven motivational systems Physiological regulation Attachment Exploration/assertion Aversive Sensual/sexual Affiliation caregiving

Famous figures Plato Aristotle Thomas Aquinas

Famous figures Descartes Charles Darwin William James

Famous figures Woodworth Freud Hall

29. August 1925 in Baltimore, Maryland Lichtenberg

Thomas Aquinas Passion of the body Dualism Reason of the mind Irrational pleasure-based motivation Rational will-based motivation Motivational dichotomy Passion versus reason Good versus evil Animal nature versus human soul

Descartes Passive body Dualism Active will For 300 years Purposive motives _ philosophy Reactive motives – physiology The mind could control the body and govern its desires. The will was a faculty (a power) of the mind that controlled the bodily appetites and passions in the interests of virtue and salvation by exercising it’s power of choice.

Charles Darwin Biological Determinism Tow important features Mentalistic motivational concepts Ending man-animal dualism

William James appropriate stimulus Instinct goal-directed behavior Instinct theories: Circular Explanation, explain an observation in terms of itself.

Instinct theory’s problem Circular explanation Explain an observation in terms of itself

Freud

Freud drive theory aspects (linear theory) Deprivation energy buildups produced by biological urges within the nervous system + maintaining a constant and low energy level Anxiety Drive

Freud drive theory

Freud drive theory aspects physiological basis and bodily need as the ultimate source of motivation Purpose of behavior was to serve the satisfaction of needs Drive ……………………… a sort of emergency warning system Experienced anxiety at psychological level ………………….. Motive for serving needs Closed system, linear theory, limited energy, determinism

Criticism of Freud drive theory (1) relative overestimation of the contribution of biological forces to motivation (and hence, a relative underestimation of factors related to learning and experience); (2) an overreliance on data taken from case studies of disturbed individuals (and hence, an under reliance on data taken from experimental research with representative samples) (3) ideas that were not scientifically (i.e., experimentally) testable (e.g., How can one empirical test whether or not people possess a drive to be aggressive?).

Hall sEr =sHr ×D sEr =sHr ×D×K Learning Environment

Presumptions of drive theory drive emerged from bodily needs (2) drive energized behavior (3) drive reduction was reinforcing and produced learning.

Critiques some motives emerged without any corresponding biological need. anorexia (Klien, 1954) external (i.e., environmental) sources of motivation could energize behavior. Drinking a favorite beverage without being thirsty 3. learning often occurred without any corresponding experience of drive reduction. learning hungry rats by injecting saccharin reward which does not have nutritional benefits/ learning occurred not only after drive reduction but also after drive induction (i.e., an increase in drive; Harlow, 1953) Drive reduction was neither necessary nor sufficient for learning to occur (Bolles, 1972)

Discussion Difference between Freud’s and Hall’s drive theory Similarities between Freud’s and Hall’s drive theory Libido in Freud’s and Hall’s drive theory Learning in Freud’s and Hall’s drive theory Motivation (Energy and direction) in Freud’s and Hall’s drive theory

Incentive theory The incentive theories that emerged in the 1960s fundamentally sought to explain why people approached positive incentives and why they avoided negative ones (e.g., Bolles, 1972; Pfaffman, 1960; Young, 1966). Focuses on Hull’s K instead of his D _ hedonism

Incentive theory (1) new motivational concepts, such as incentives and expectancies (2) the idea that motivational states could be acquired through experience rather than just through biology (3) a portrayal of motivation that highlighted moment-to-moment changes (because environmental incentives can change from one moment to the next).

Arousal theory (1) aspects of the environment (how stimulating, novel, stressful) affected how aroused the brain was, and (2) variations in level of arousal had a curvilinear (the inverted-U shape) relationship to behavior.

Arousal theory

Discussion How theories evolve during history?

Homework Chapter 2 Write examples for any theory from your own life and edit your own theory