Immediate activity Mind map all the thing s you associate with the term “New Right” This can be from both family and the education modules. Friday, 28 December 2018 Realist Criminology- The new right

Right Realist Criminology. End of the lesson challenge What do broken windows have to do with Right realism and the causes of serious crime? Friday, 28 December 2018 Realist Criminology- The new right

Right Realist Criminology- things you’ll know by the end of the lesson That Right Realism sees crime as stemming from the greedy nature of people, poor socialisation and too easy opportunities. That the Right Realism developed out of a failure of sociology to explain and solve the problem of crime. That Wilson's 'broken window thesis' argues that minor incivilities, if unchecked, quickly lead to more serious crime. Friday, 28 December 2018 Realist Criminology- The new right

What is right realism all about? Here’s a few things to get you started https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYjmtpvAoQQ Friday, 28 December 2018 Realist Criminology- The new right

Right Realism Right Realism originated in the 1970s particularly by James Q. Wilson (1975, pictured left) and Ernst van den Haag (1975). It developed as a critique of sociological theory which had failed to solve the problem of crime. The basis of Right Realism is a negative view of human nature (that people are naturally selfish and greedy). This aspect of human nature therefore needs to be subject to social controls and socialised into appropriate behaviour. Friday, 28 December 2018 Realist Criminology- The new right

Anti-Sociological Criminology Right Realists particularly oppose any connection Sociologists have made between crime and poverty. They point out that with increased wealth, crime rates have soared. Extending the Welfare State, lack of discipline in education and decline of the traditional family are seen as key factors behind crime increase. Friday, 28 December 2018 Realist Criminology- The new right

Selfish Human Nature Rising crime levels reflects ineffective and inadequate social control. Permissive attitudes allow self-indulgent and anti-social behaviour. Careless parenting, absent fathers, lack of discipline in schools, liberal policies of the state have all served to ferment crime. The result has been spiralling volumes of incivilities: muggings, graffiti, vandalism, car break-ins and theft, assaults, etc. as well as burglaries and robberies. Friday, 28 December 2018 Realist Criminology- The new right

James Q. Wilson and ‘Broken Window Thesis James Q Wilson argues that unless ‘incivilities’ (litter, graffiti, noise levels, vandalism, etc.) are kept minimal, then wider anti-social behaviour and more serious crimes will follow. He advocates that the police adopt a policy of ‘zero-tolerance’ for even minor crimes (as tried by the Mayor of New York). This reflects Emile Durkheim’s idea that local informal controls are crucial for law and order and A.H. Bottoms’ concept of the ‘tipping’ of problem housing estates. Friday, 28 December 2018 Realist Criminology- The new right

James Q. Wilson (continued) Wilson argues there are three key factors affecting long-term crime: Number of Young males (typical deviants) Costs/benefits of crime: Rational Choice Theory Inadequate socialisation into norms/values To deal with this he advocates target hardening of deviant groups and areas through pro-active policing. Friday, 28 December 2018 Realist Criminology- The new right

Charles Murray New Right theorist Charles Murray (1990, pictured left) argues the underclass are particularly insufficiently integrated into society’s norms and values. He calls the deviant subcultural values of the underclass as ‘paternalism’. He views the underclass as prone to: criminal tendencies, violence, illegitimacy and promiscuity, educational failure and welfare dependency. Friday, 28 December 2018 Realist Criminology- The new right

Right Realist Solutions to Crime Reduce opportunities for offending. Increasing the costs to exceed the benefits. Crime control should also fall upon members of the community. Responsible parenting and 'active citizens' who challenge anti-social behaviour. Re designing cities to design out opportunities for crime Tough punishment: longer prison sentences and bigger fines for a larger number of offences Situational crime prevention techniques Friday, 28 December 2018 Zero tolerance policing. Realist Criminology- The new right

Immediate activity Education policy test no notes, no discussion, no text books Briefly explain one way in which the tripartite system created social class inequality The tripartite system was replaced with comprehensive schools what does this mean? Briefly explain one way in which the introduction of comprehensive schools continued class inequality. The 1988 education reform act introduced marketization, state three policies (actions) this introduced. Why did the introduction of parental choice continue social class inequalities? What is meant by ‘cream skimming’ and ‘silt shifting’ What is the ‘New Labour paradox’? What are academies? What are free schools and why can they be argued to only benefit the middle class? How does globalization impact education policy in the Friday, 28 December 2018 Realist Criminology- The new right

Evaluation points for Right Realism- It is influential on Government policy in both the USA and UK. For example 'zero tolerance' has been successfully adopted as a policy in New York and has been adopted by UK governments too. Friday, 28 December 2018 Realist Criminology- The new right

New York’s crime free day- was it really down to Zero tolerance policing? Was the fall in New York’s crime rate in the 90’s and 2000’s due to Zero tolerance strategies (cracking down on low level crime to prevent bigger crimes) or were other factors responsible? The NYPD in this period benefitted form 7,000 extra officers Crime rates were declining in other US cities too, and these places did not apply a zero tolerance approach. The economic depression of the early 1990’s was clearing and thousands of new jobs had been created. There was a decline in the availability of crack cocaine in the city. Deaths from homicides (murder) fell but he attempted murder rate remained high, decline in murder rates as recorded in the police statistics might have more to do with improving medical services than zero tolerance policing. Task: You decide: Using the evidence here decide if Zero tolerance policing should be credited with the fall in New York’s crime rate. Write a paragraph to explain your views, consider other possible consequences of a zero tolerance approach. Would you recommend the Zero tolerance approach for Nottingham? Realist Criminology- The new right Friday, 28 December 2018

Situational crime prevention- How the Right realists aim to reduce crime. 'Situational Crime Prevention' (SCP) is the name given by criminologists to crime prevention strategies that are aimed at reducing the criminal opportunities which arise from the routines of everyday life. Such strategies include 'hardening' of potential targets, improving surveillance of areas that might attract crime (e.g. closed-circuit television surveillance), and deflecting potential offenders from settings in which crimes might occur e.g., by limiting access of such persons to shopping centres and other locations. Right realist scholar Ron Clarke’s situation crime prevention strategies have been used widely used. Environmental crime prevention strategies based on Wilson’s broken ‘Window thesis’ have been widely used in cities across the UK and US.

Clarke developed 5 categories of situational crime prevention Category What does this mean? Strategy put in place Increase the effort of crime Make the criminal offences more difficult to carry out Increase the risks of crime Increase the change of getting caught Reduce the rewards Reduce the monetary value or satisfaction level gained from crime Reduce provocations Reduce frustration in crowd situations, limit the power of peer pressure and the chance to imitate the crime of others Remove excuses Remove the opportunity for offenders to say they “didn’t know” stop offenders being able to rationalise and justify their crimes Task: pick 4 strategies from your list from Clarke into the right categories

Immediate activity NO notes, no discussion, no textbooks Why according to Right Realists should this be removed as soon as possible? Link this to an appropriate sociologist Friday, 28 December 2018 Realist Criminology- The new right

Ron Clarke- Rational choice theory Right realist Ron Clarke argues that crime is a rational choice based on a calculation of likely consequences. If the perceived rewards of a crime outweigh the perceived costs i.e. more to gain than loose then he argues people will commit crime. To reduce crime we have to ensure that the cost outweigh the benefit. Felson: Routine activity theory Argues that if we ensure that a suitable guardian e.g. neighbourhood watch representative or police office is present we break the problem triangle o Friday, 28 December 2018 Realist Criminology- The new right

Friday, 28 December 2018 Realist Criminology- The new right

Reducing opportunity ‘Reducing or avoiding ‘provocations’ e.g. remove factors that may tempt people into crime or cause frustration which results in criminal acts. ‘Removing the excuses’ that people may use to rationalise or justify their actions Friday, 28 December 2018 Realist Criminology- The new right

Reducing opportunity Directly- Organising the immediate physical environment by ‘designing out the opportunity for crime’ e.g. entrance buzzers, no dark spaces, open plan areas, CCTV visible throughout the space. Indirectly- Organising people to minimise their vulnerability to crime by encouraging people to take responsibility for their property as individuals (e.g. Reminding people to look after their valuables by locking up) and collectively by encouraging neighbourhood watch groups. Friday, 28 December 2018 Realist Criminology- The new right

Putting situational crime prevention You have been give n the job of designing the new broad marsh centre, previously the centre and its car park have been crime hot spots. Using the ideas put forward by Ron Clarke create a deign which will: Increase the effort of crime Increase the risks of crime Reduce the rewards Reduce provocations Removing excuse Your design must clearly label where each of these strategies is in place and how your design feature will do this. Friday, 28 December 2018 Realist Criminology- The new right

Evaluation points for Right Realism- It is influential on Government policy in both the USA and UK. For example 'zero tolerance' has been successfully adopted as a policy in New York and has been adopted by UK governments too. Right realist scholar Ron Clarke’s situation crime prevention strategies have been used widely used. Environmental crime prevention strategies based on Wilson’s broken ‘Window thesis’ have been widely used in cities across the UK and US. Friday, 28 December 2018 Realist Criminology- The new right

Evaluating situational crime prevention Read through you critical evidence studies, what could we use to help us achieve highly in this question? Friday, 28 December 2018 Realist Criminology- The new right

Mark scheme Friday, 28 December 2018 Realist Criminology- The new right

Further evaluation points for right realism It is easy to pick on scapegoats like single parent families, this is victim blaming and ignores wider social issues such as poverty and marginalisation Jones (2009) argues it is a lack of investment in deprived areas rather than tolerating civil incivilities such as broken windows that cause crime in an area to rise to rise. Neo Marxists argue that concentration on minor offences means that more serious crime (i.e. white collar and corporate crime) gets ignored by the authorities. The rational choice argument of costs and benefits can only explain crimes which have a clear financial benefit, it can’t explain violent or impulsive crimes. There are in built contradictions in the theory: if biological differences such as high testosterone levels and low IQ make crime inevitable for some then how can their decisions be considered a rational choice? Friday, 28 December 2018 Realist Criminology- The new right

Exam questions Outline two right realist solutions to the problem of crime (4 marks) Item A Right realists theories have had a significant influence on government policies , epically because the appear to offer practical answers to the problem of crime. Like many sociologists, they see childhood experiences as very important in determining behaviour in later life. They focus on the idea that some people are naturally more aggressive or less intelligent than others, and they stress the need to ensure that crime does not go unpunished. Applying material from item A, analyses two explanations of the causes of crime put forward by right realists. (10 marks) Friday, 28 December 2018 Realist Criminology- The new right