PROTEINS WHAT DO THEY DO? Form hair/fur, muscles, nutrient storage Helps circulate blood Act as signals between cells They make up antibodies in the immune system They make up enzymes for helping chemical reactions They makeup non-steroid hormones

Antibodies Antibodies are part of your immune system. When something enters the body that isn’t supposed to be there, like certain bacteria, antibodies find the invader and stick themselves onto it. Ex: A white blood cell finds an invader and then covers it with antibodies, it knows it doesn’t belong there and kills it.

In plant foods - in the cell membranes In animal products PROTEINS WHERE ARE THEY FOUND? In plant foods - in the cell membranes In animal products in the cell membranes in the muscles (cows, chicken, fish…)

Proteins

Proteins Aside from the protein found in animal sources…protein can also be found in fruits, vegetables, grains, and nuts. (it just does not have as many monomers.)

THINK: “CHON” Each protein is made up of… PROTEINS AT THE ATOM LEVEL Each protein is made up of… Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen, Nitrogen THINK: “CHON”

Proteins are long chains (polymers) made of monomers. MADE UP OF... Proteins are long chains (polymers) made of monomers. All proteins are made of the monomer called … AMINO ACID

Amino Acids A protein is a polymer of just 20 kinds of monomers called amino acids. Proteins are responsible for almost all of the day-to-day functioning of organisms.

Hydrogen atom Amino group Carboxyl group R-Group Side Group

Amino acids are linked together = polypeptide. Each link = amino group from one bonded to carboxyl group Proteins = three or more amino acids held together with a peptide bond

Activation Energy To start a chemical reaction, it is first necessary to weaken chemical bonds in the reactant molecules. This "start-up" energy is called activation energy because it activates the reactants and triggers a chemical reaction

Enzymes Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions. If you didn’t have enzymes in your stomach to speed up digestion, the food would rot in your stomach because it would take so long!

Proteins Called Enzymes Cellular reactions depend on the assistance of catalysts, compounds that speed up chemical reactions. The main catalysts of chemical reactions in organisms are specialized proteins called enzymes. Enzymes provide a way for reactions to occur at the cell's normal temperature

How Enzymes Work The shape of each enzyme fits the shape of only particular reactant molecules – certain enzymes can only catalyze a specific chemical reaction A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme is called the enzyme's substrate. The substrate fits into a particular region of the enzyme, called the active site.

Enzymes Typically, enzyme ends with “-ASE”

This is important because… As with any other protein, an enzyme's structure and shape are essential to its function. Factors such as pH and temperature can greatly affect how well an enzyme works or if it can work at all. This is one reason why cells (and hence organisms) can only survive and function within certain ranges of conditions.