Nat. Rev. Urol. doi: /nrurol

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Nat. Rev. Urol. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2016.103 Figure 3 Immunomodulatory effects of targeted therapies for renal cell carcinoma Figure 3 | Immunomodulatory effects of targeted therapies for renal cell carcinoma. Tumour cells can secrete vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), which, when it binds to the VEGF receptor (VEGFR), can signal to halt antigen–presenting-cell (APC) maturation. Both bevacizumab — a monoclonal antibody against VEGF-A — and sunitinib — a small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor — can block signalling through this pathway and, therefore, promote maturation of APCs. Both regulatory T (Treg) cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) inhibit immune activation. VEGF-blockade with sunitinib or sorafenib can inhibit Treg cell function and treatment with sunitinib or axitinib has been found to inhibit function of MDSCs in preclinical and clinical models. Carlo, M. I. et. al. (2016) Checkpoint inhibitors and other novel immunotherapies for advanced renal cell carcinoma Nat. Rev. Urol. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2016.103