Chapter 5 Selecting and Testing Supporting Material Presentation Package Prepared By: Erin E. Baird University of Oklahoma This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

Overview WHAT TYPES OF SUPPORT MATERIALS CAN YOU USE IN YOUR SPEECH? HOW DO YOU DETERMINE WHAT TYPES OF SOURCES AND SUPPORT MATERIAL TO USE? WHAT DO YOU EVALUATE IN YOUR SOURCE MATERIALS? HOW DO YOU USE SUPPORT MATERIALS EFFECTIVELY? HOW DO YOU CITE SOURCES ORALLY?

What Types of Support Materials Can You Use in Your Speech? Can you think of different types of support materials you could use for your speech? Photo Credit © Jim West/Alamy

Facts: People Events Places Dates Times Facts are verifiable bites of information about people, events, places, dates, and times.

Definitions: Brief explanations that inform your audience Definitions are brief explanations designed to inform your audience about something unfamiliar. Discussion Question: When would definitions be helpful? When would they not be helpful?

Testimony: Personal testimony Lay testimony Prestige testimony Expert testimony Testimony is firsthand knowledge or opinions held by someone else <<CLICK>> Personal testimony—from your own personal experience or point of view <<CLICK>> Lay testimony (peer testimony)—an ordinary person bearing witness to his or her own experiences and beliefs <<CLICK>> Prestige testimony—using popularity, fame, prestige, attractiveness, high-profile activities, or age <<CLICK>> Expert testimony—someone educated or experienced on the topic

Examples: Brief Extended Hypothetical Examples are specific instances or cases that embody or illustrate points in your speech Brief examples—a single, general notion Extended examples—more detailed account or story to illustrate the point Hypothetical examples—gain their point from future possibilities Discussion Question: For example, you are giving a speech about preparing for the first day of class. Give a brief, extended, or hypothetical examples from your personal experience.

Statistics: Types Numerical facts or data used to present information about a population Descriptive Inferential <<CLICK>> Descriptive statistics—aim to describe or summarize characteristics of a population or larger quantity of data <<CLICK>> Inferential statistics—aim to draw conclusions about a larger population by making estimates based on a smaller sample of that population

Statistics: Using, Evaluating, & Presenting Make sure your statistics are correct Verify for validity Do research Explain what the numbers mean Do not use too many Be ethical <<CLICK>> Correctness is important! Verify important statistics from multiple sources Confirm that the collection, interpretation, and reporting methods were ethical Sometimes comparing statistics can help explain them as well. Consider margin of error if using poll statistics. Discussion Question: What does it mean to use statistics ethically?

How Do You Determine What Types of Sources and Support Material To Use? Photo Credit: © Anna/Fotolia

Consider Your Own Personal Knowledge Your experience and knowledge can strengthen your credibility Use personal experience in addition to other sources <<CLICK>> Your experience and knowledge can strengthen your credibility <<CLICK>> Use personal experience in addition to other sources

Consider Primary vs. Secondary sources Original sources Secondary: Build on other sources <<CLICK>> Primary sources—the original sources of the information. <<CLICK>> Secondary sources—they cite, review, or build on primary sources. Sometimes it is ok to use someone else's interpretation of a primary source and other times it would be strengthen your presentation to use primary sources.

Consider Scholarly vs. Popular Sources Scholarly sources are written for people who are experts in their field Popular sources are written for general readers Scholarly sources are written for people who are experts in their field <<CLICK>> Popular sources are written for general readers What are some examples of a scholarly source? A popular source?

Consider Your Topic Needs Any special demands Types of supporting material Types of sources <<CLICK>> Controversial or highly emotional topics may call for statistics, examples, expert testimony, definitions, and facts. Technical topics may call for definitions, facts, and brief examples. <<CLICK>> Current event topics may call for definitions, testimony, facts, and examples. <<CLICK>> Topics to inspire or incite emotion may call for examples, lay and expert testimony.

What Do You Evaluate in Your Support Materials? Photo Credit: © Jiri Hera/Fotolia

Accuracy An ethical consideration Must be verifiable Remain unchanged Accuracy—ethical consideration for the original creators of the information and for you Information must be verifiable from the original source You must use the information in the way it was originally presented

Currency Most current information possible Use information from within the last five years Currency: <<CLICK>> Use the most current information possible, <<CLICK>> Usually within the last five years, <<CLICK>> Strive to be as current as possible even up to the last minute of the speech (breaking news). Breaking news is better!

Completeness Detailed Comprehensive <<CLICK>>Completeness—you need to use sufficient support to demonstrate your point.

Trustworthiness Use credible sources Use unbiased sources Hold electronic sources to high standards Trustworthiness—your support materials' trustworthiness is similar to ethos: is measured by your audience, not you <<CLICK>> Select materials from credible sources <<CLICK>> Use unbiased sources. Check for authors' hidden agenda. <<CLICK>> The Internet provides a lot of information but is easily created and changed

Suitability Be clear and concrete Relate back to central idea Include information of the relevance to the audience, the topic, and the occasion Use materials acceptable to the situation Be relevant to the audience, the topic, and the occasion. <<CLICK>> Use materials with a purpose that is clear and concrete. <<CLICK>> Use materials that relate back to your central idea. <<CLICK>> Include information that shows your audience why the materials are relevant to them, to the topic, and to the occasion. <<CLICK>> Use support materials acceptable to the situation.

How Do You Use Support Materials Effectively? Photo Credit: © Hill Street Studios/AGE Fotostock

Use Quotation and Paraphrasing Effectively Direct quote if the material is: Short Worded well Memorable Paraphrase Remember to cite! The bulk of your speech should be your words, but to strengthen your speech you should provide quotes or paraphrase information from sources, as well. Quote precisely! <<CLICK>> Direct quote if the material is <<CLICK>> short, <<CLICK>> worded better than you can, or <<CLICK>> memorable <<CLICK>> Paraphrasing—restating information from another source in your own words. You still need to cite the source. <<CLICK>> Remember to cite the source orally and in your outline.

Use Your Material Purposefully and in Different Ways Direct Comparison Contrast Analogy Literal Figurative <<CLICK>> Direct—materials are presented in a manner that simply identifies it and draws its strength from directly using it, i.e. examples, facts, definitions, testimony, or statistics <<CLICK>> Comparison—materials used to point out similarities between two or more ideas, things, factors, or issues <<CLICK>> Contrast—materials used to point out differences between two or more ideas, things, factors, or issues <<CLICK>> Analogy—helps explain the unfamiliar by comparing or contrasting it to something that is more familiar Literal—compares and contrasts two like things Figurative—compares and contrasts two essentially different things

How Do You Cite Sources Orally? What is the simplest way to do this? "According to…" Photo Credit: © [apply pictures]/Alamy

Collect the Necessary Content Citations are credits for the original source of the support information These include both written and oral citations.

Create and Deliver Oral Citations Use variety when possible Place your citations with information being borrowed Be enthusiastic about your sources Practice saying the citations when you rehearse <<CLICK>> Subsequent citations can be shorter. For example, indicating "again" or "previously mentioned." <<CLICK>> Avoid lumping all citations at the beginning or end of your speech. They should be attached to the information you are presenting. <<CLICK>> Speak clearly and be proud about your research. <<CLICK>> Practicing helps you remember them.

Informative Speech: The Fru Gene Click on the screenshot to view a video on the fru gene.

Expert Lay Prestige Personal What Do You Think? Joe is standing on a street-corner and witnesses a car accident. What kind of testimony would he provide? Expert Lay Prestige Personal <<CLICK>> For answer: B. Lay

How can you use personal experience in a speech? What Do You Think? As part of the speech, not the entire speech To supplement your ideas and outside research To enhance your credibility <<CLICK>> For answer: As part of the speech, not the entire speech To supplement your ideas and outside research To enhance your credibility Follow up question, ask for examples of how to use personal experience from your students' existing hobbies.

Prestige testimony Expert testimony Extended example Brief example "According to an interview with local heart surgeon Dr. Norman Salim, heart disease is the leading cause of disability in women" is an example of: What Do You Think? Prestige testimony Expert testimony Extended example Brief example <<CLICK>> for Answer: B. Expert testimony Expert testimony is from a person the audience recognizes as an expert. The expert must be in a field related to your topic.

What types of support materials can you use in your speech? Review Question Facts Definitions Testimony Examples Statistics <<CLICK>> for answer See pp. 104-109

How do you determine what types of sources and support materials to use? Review Question Consider your personal knowledge Consider primary vs. secondary sources Consider scholarly vs. popular sources Consider your topic needs <<CLICK>> for answer See pp. 110-113

What do you evaluate in your support materials? Review Question Accuracy Currency Completeness Trustworthiness Suitability <<CLICK>> Accuracy <<CLICK>> Currency <<CLICK>> Completeness <<CLICK>> Trustworthiness <<CLICK>> Suitability See pp. 114-117

How do you use support materials effectively? Review Question How do you use support materials effectively? Use quotations and paraphrasing effectively and ethically Use your materials purposefully and in different ways <<CLICK>> Use quotations and paraphrasing effectively and ethically <<CLICK>> Use your materials purposefully and in different ways See pp. 118-119

How do you cite sources orally? Review Question How do you cite sources orally? Collect the necessary content Create and deliver the oral citations <<CLICK>> Collect the necessary content <<CLICK>> Create and deliver the oral citations See pp. 120-123