Possibility of Active Carbon Recycle Energy System Yukitaka KATO Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactors, Center for Research into Innovative Nuclear Energy Systems (CRINES), Tokyo Institute of Technology yukitaka@nr.titech.ac.jp 16 April, 2009 11:30-11:50 Session 5; Economics and Market Analysis of Hydrogen Production and Use (Invited presentation) Fourth NEA Information Exchange Meeting on Nuclear Production of Hydrogen 13-16 April 2009, Oakbrook, IL, USA

Contents Carbon Supply Security Carbon Balance of Japan Carbon vision for future Proposal of Active Carbon Recycle Energy System, ACRES ACRES with Methane ACRES with Carbon Monoxide ACRES in Steel Making Conclusion

Energy Balance of Japan, depending on Imported Carbon Primary Energy Total　23.1x1018 J Import　83.4% (Almost fossil fuels) Domestic 16.6% (Nuclear 11.4%, Renewable 4.4%, Fossil fuels 0.8％） Energy Consumption Waste heat (anergy)　26.8% Utilization　69.5% Public 21.5% Transportation 16.8% Industry 31.2% Electricity 36% (Nuclear sharing 40% ) Heat 55% (Frontier of Nuclear) Plastics, 9.1% Carbon resources, 84% Carbon resources covers 84% of all energy sources, and is almost imported. Carbon resources is used only 9.1% for plastic materials. Carbon resources over 90% is used for just heat source fuels. Plastics, 9.1% Energy balance and flow in Japan (2004) Fig. 201-1-3, Energy White Paper of Japan, METI, Japan, 2006 http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/topics/hakusho/2006EnergyHTML/html/i2000000.html

Carbon Supply Security Excess of CO2 emission Carbon consumption and CO2 emission enhance energy resource depletion and global warming. Carbon resources of over 90% is used for just fuels. Shortage of carbon supply Japan imports all of carbon resources, hardly depends on overseas. Carbon supply security of country is vulnerable. Difficulty of industrial development in the country remains by unreliability of resource supply security. Establishment of carbon supply security is crucible for a country development.

Carbon vision for future Conservation of carbon consumption, recycle use of carbon Evolution of relationship between carbon and production industry Stop of carbon once-through use Recycle use of carbon Use of nuclear power for the primary energy source for Carbon Recycle Zero CO2 emission Sufficient amounts to ensure the country energy demand Establishment of carbon recycle energy system

Proposal of Active Carbon Recycle Energy System, ACRES

Subjects: Hydrogen as an energy carrier Evolution of energy conversion For Industrial revolution in 20th C Phase change of water → Electricity production For mobile use Water decomposition and regeneration → Hydrogen production H2: Difficulty of storage and transportation, Risk of explosion, Complex electricity production system　 H2O(v) H2 + O2 Work, W Excess compression work for storage Risk of explosion Complex power conversion Energy, E E W H2O(l) H2O Water phase change Water decomposition / oxidation Water Hydrogen Conventional energy conversion

Proposal: Carbon as an energy carrier Carbon recycle: Usage of carbon as an energy carrier Ease for storage and transportation Co-use of carbon for sources of heat and material Adaptability to conventional infrastructures and retail usages CxHyOz + O2 Active Carbon Recycle Energy System, ACRES E W Material CO2 + H2O CO2 reduction/oxidation Carbon dioxide Proposed ACRES

Three Processes for ACRES Recovery and separation Recov./Sep. energy Effluent CO2 Separated CO2 Regen. energy Usage Materials Regeneration Energy Hydro carbon Carbon flow Input E > output E Fig. Three processes for Carbon Recycle

ACRES with methane

Structure of ACRES with methane Recovery and separation Physical and chemical sorptions Recov./Sep. energy Effluent CO2 Separated CO2 Regen. energy Usage 4H2O 4H2O Regeneration Materials Water decomposition：　4H2O→4H2+2O2 Methanation：　CO2+4H2 →　CH4+2H2O Energy CH4 Combustion E: CH4+2O2 → CO2+4H2O Hydrogen E: CH4+H2O → 4H2+CO2 Materials:　xCH4 →　（-CH2-）x + x/2H2 Fig. Methane recycle system

Enthalpy balance of ACRES with metahne CO2+4H2, +2O2 -165 Thermally reversible Metanation CH4+2H2O, +2O2 Reforming, Waste heat recovery Electricity H2 ＣＨ4 Work/heat +967 Water decomposition CO2 -802 Combustion energy Oxidation CO2+4H2O(g) [HHV-kJ/mol-CO2] Recycle ratio = Output heat/input electricity = 82.9% Fig. Enthalpy balance of Methane carbon recycle energy system based on water electrolysis Enthalpy loss for methane conversion/recycle is less 20%

ACRES with carbon monoxide

Structure of ACRES with Carbon Monoxide CO is active and useable resource for energy and material usages Recovery and separation Physical and chemical sorptions Recov./Sep. energy Effluent CO2 Separated CO2 Regen. energy Usage H2O Regeneration Materials CO CO2 electrolysis: CO2→CO+1/2O2 　 Water electrolysis: H2O→H2+1/2O2 Methanation: CO2+H2→CO+H2O Energy H2O+1/2O2 Combustion/Reduction E : CO+1/2O2 → CO2 Hydrogen E : CO+H2O→H2+CO2 Materials: xCO+yH2 +zO2→ CxHyOz Fig. Carbon monoxide recycle system

Fig. Enthalpy balance of CO2/CO recycle energy system Enthalpy balance of ACRES wit CO -Co-use of electricity and heat for CO regeneration- Thermally regenerative CO+H2O, +1/2O2 +41 　CO has higher energy density than H2 Enthalpy loss from H2 to CO is nothing. CO2+H2, +1/2O2 CO production Work/Heat/Reductant Electricity +242 -283 Oxidation Water decomposition Recycle ratio = Output heat/input electricity = 103% CO2+H2O(g) [HHV-kJ/mol-CO2] Fig. Enthalpy balance of CO2/CO recycle energy system

Development of ACRES Developments of carbon recycle processes Selection of recycle media Technology for CO2 recovery Tech. for hydrocarbon regeneration Innovative nuclear reactor having high-fuel efficiency and breeding ability Development of market of carbon recycle Showing the benefits of recycle use Application on carbon-use industries Expansion of market of carbon recycle use Synergy between nuclear power and industries.

INES-3, Nov., 2010, Tokyo Welcome to, The Third International Meeting on Innovative Nuclear Energy Systems, INES-3 -Contribution of Nuclear Power on a Low Carbon Society- 31st October – 3rd November, 2010, Tokyo Organized by CRINES (Center for Research into Innovative Nuclear Energy Systems), Tokyo Tech URL: http://www.nr.titech.ac.jp/crines/

Thank you! yukitaka@nr.titech.ac.jp http://www.nr.titech.ac.jp/~yukitaka/ Tokyo Tech Global-COE Program, “Multidisciplinary Education and Research Center for Energy Science” http://www.energy.titech.ac.jp/index-e.html