Revolutions and the Rise of Nationalism

The Scientific Revolution Rigorous challenge to church doctrines Reconception of the Universe started by Copernicus and reinforced by Galileo and Kepler Newton will revolutionize physics with his laws of motion

The Enlightenment Favored of rational thought and scientific analysis

Popular Sovereignty Went against “mandate of heaven” and “divine right of kings” Kings to be made responsible to subject populations

Popular Sovereignty John Locke (1632-1704) Argues that rulers derive power from consent of ruled Individuals retain personal rights, give political rights to rulers

Individual Freedoms Voltaire Jean-Jacques Rousseau Écrasez l’infame, “erase the infamy:” criticism of Roman Catholic church Argues for equality of all individuals, regardless of class, before the law The Social Contract (1762), argues that society is collectively the sovereign

Social Contract Theory

The shot heard round the world Revolution in America

French and Indian War, 1754-1763 Overlapped with Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) Both England and France want to claim the Ohio River Valley Expensive $$$$$$

Treaty of Paris 1763- British victory ensured global dominance, North American prosperity

Major Cause of War-Tax Tax burden falls to the colonies Sugar Act (1764) Stamp Act (1765) Quartering Act (1765) (housing of British troops) Tea Act (1773)

Tensions Increase British products boycotted, officials attacked Protests Boston Tea Party (1773), tea dumped into Boston harbor in protest against Tea Act

Tensions Increase Continental Congress formed (1774), coordinates colonists’ resistance to British policies July 4, 1776, adopts Declaration of Independence Influence of Locke: retention of individual rights, sovereignty based on consent of the ruled

Revolutionary War Colonies: Britain: Popular support Support of British rivals (French) George Washington (1732-1799) provides military leadership Britain: Strong central government Navy, army Loyalist population

Building an Independent State War-weariness sets in by 1780 Yorktown, Virginia British Surrender in October 1781 Treaty of Paris, 1783 Recognition of American independence 1787 Constitution of the United States drafted

The French Revolution “Liberty, equality, fraternity”

Causes of Revolution There are serious fiscal problems in France. They have too much war debt. They also have a social class system set up from the middle ages. King Louis XVI wanted to tax the nobility to pay off war debt. Extravagant spending by Queen Marie Antoinette (nicknamed “Madame Deficit”

Estate System The third estate made up a majority of France’s population. It included the bourgeoisie(middle class), merchants/artisans, and rural peasants.

The Estates General A legislative body formed in 1303 One vote per estate Louis XVI asks the estates general to institute economic reform.

1789- Revolution begins When the third estates demands for change aren’t met, they secede and form the National Assembly July, mob attacks Bastille, bloody battle won by mob The storming of the Bastille marks the beginning of the Revolution.

Radicalization of Revolution National Assembly abolishes old social order New constitution retains king, but subject to legislative authority 1793: King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette found guilty of treason and sent to guillotine

Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794) Becomes the ruler when Louis XVI is beheaded Robespierre facilitates the “Reign of Terror” Churches closed, priests forced to marry, those that spoke out or opposed were sent to the guillotine Calendar reorganized: Ten-day weeks, proclaimed Year I

The Directory (1795-1799) Revolutionary enemies of the Jacobins, overthrew Robespierre Men of property take power in the form of the Directory Unable to solve economic and military problems of revolutionary France

Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) Overthrew Directory in 1799 Established new government, the Consulate Crowned himself emperor in 1802

Napoleonic France 1804 promulgates Napoleonic Code Patriarchal authority Became model for many civil codes

Napoleon’s Empire Conquered Iberian, Italian peninsulas, Netherlands Forced Austria and Prussia to enter into alliance Disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812, which would be his most costly mistake.

Napoleon's Empire

Napoleon's Empire British, Austrian, Prussian, and Russian armies force Napoleon to abdicate, 1814 Exiled to Island of Elba, escaped to take power again for 100 days Defeated by British at Waterloo, exiled to St. Helena, dies 1821

The Revolution in Haiti

Revolution in Haiti Only successful slave revolt Rich Caribbean colony Sugar, coffee, cotton Almost one-third of France’s foreign trade

Society in Saint-Domingue (Haiti) 40,000 white French settlers 28,000 gens de couleur (free people of color, i.e. mixed-race, freed slaves) 500,000 slaves

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Revolt Inspired by American and French revolutions 500 gens de couleur sent to fight British in American War of Independence 1789 white settlers demand self-rule, but with no equality for gens de couleur 1791 civil war breaks out Slaves revolt under Vodou priest named Boukman French, British, Spanish forces attempt to intervene ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

François-Dominique Toussaint (1744-1803) Also known as Toussaint Louverture, was a former slave who led the Haitian revolution. Built army of 20,000, eventually dominated Saint-Domingue (Haiti) 1801 promulgated constitution of equality 1802 arrested by Napoleon’s forces, died in jail French troops driven out, 1804 Haiti declares independence ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.