B3 Infection & Response What is a pathogen? Give 4 examples of pathogens: Give 3 ways that pathogens can be spread: How can vaccination affect the spread of disease? What is a vector? How does a vaccination work? What is an antigen? B3 Infection & Response What is an antibiotic? Give an example of an antibiotic: Why can’t antibiotics kill viruses? How do bacteria cause disease? Disease Symptoms How does it spread? How can the risk be reduced? Measles (viruses) HIV Tobacco mosaic virus Salmonella (bacteria) Gonorrhoea Give an advantage of antibiotics: How do viruses cause disease? What is a painkiller? Do painkillers kill pathogens? What is AIDs? What is meant by antibiotic resistance? What pathogen causes rose black spot? What are the symptoms of rose black spot? How is it spread? How is it treated? Describe the 3 ways that white blood cells fight pathogens: 1) 2) 3) Describe how these plants have been traditionally used as medicine: Foxglove – Willow – Mould – Describe how these parts of the body are protected to stop pathogens from entering: Stomach – Skin – Nose – Trachea/bronchi – What type of pathogen causes malaria? How does malaria spread? What are the symptoms of malaria? How can the spread of malaria be reduced? What is pre-clinical testing? Why do we test drugs? How are modern drugs produced? What is a double-blind trial? What is a placebo? Why it is different to produce drugs that treat viruses?

B3 Infection & Response (Triple Biology only) Grey boxes = Higher only The statements below describe how monoclonal antibodies are produced. Write numbers in the boxes to show the order of the statements. The hybridoma cell is cloned to make many copies – all of these cells can produce the antibodies. Lymphocytes are combined with a tumour cell to produce a hybridoma cell. A large amount of antibodies can be collected and purified. The hybridoma cell can divide and produce the antibody. Why do plants need nitrates? Why do plants need magnesium? What physical adaptations do plants have to protect themselves from predators? What is an antigen? What is a monoclonal antibody? What types of pathogen can affect plants? What would a plant look like if it was affected by magnesium deficiency? What chemical adaptations do plants have to protect themselves from predators? What is a hybridoma? What is a clone? Why are monoclonal antibodies not as widely used a scientists initially hoped? Give 4 examples of how monoclonal antibodies can be used: What mechanical adaptations do plants have to protect themselves from predators? List some disadvantages of using monoclonal antibodies: What would a plant look like if it was affected by nitrate deficiency? List some of the common symptoms of plant disease. Grey boxes = Higher only Describe the 3 ways that monoclonal antibodies can be used to treat cancer. List 3 ways that you could identify a plant disease Required practical: How would you test the effectiveness of antispetics? Make sure you include details of how you would prevent contamination. List some advantages of using monoclonal antibodies: