The Renaissance European society was revitalized as classical art and ideas were embraced and improved upon. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

The Renaissance Birth of the Renaissance LESSON 1 Do art and literature reflect culture, or do they shape it? Birth of the Renaissance LESSON 1 The Italian Renaissance LESSON 2 The Northern Renaissance LESSON 3 Renaissance Achievements LESSON 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Birth of the Renaissance LESSON 1 The Renaissance was a rebirth of learning and art. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Birth of the Renaissance LESSON 1 A Time of Change After war and plague during the Middle Ages, people celebrated the human spirit People began questioning medieval institutions Renaissance—an explosion of creativity in art, writing, and thought Started in northern Italy Lasted from 1300–1600 Shifts in Society Smaller population by 1450 led to a higher standard of living Basic education provided in most towns; universities developed Middle class created—merchants, bankers, and tradespeople Continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

A Time of Change New Sources of Knowledge New Technology Lesson 1 A Time of Change New Sources of Knowledge Scholars knowledgeable of Classical Greek works fled to Italy Greek texts preserved in libraries of Islamic Empire Greek texts translated into Latin; Western scholars studied these works New Technology Western Europeans learn how to make paper Contributed to the growth of libraries Made development of printing possible A Changing Political Landscape Europe experienced a period of peace (continued) Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

The Rise of Italian City-States Lesson 1 The Rise of Italian City-States Italy more urban and commercial than rest of Europe Cities breeding ground for intellectual revolution Economic Factors Crusades spur trade Growth of city-states in northern Italy In 1300s bubonic plague killed 60% of population, disrupts economy Political Factors Italy remained politically fragmented Urban nobility married with commercial families Established vital, independent bases in Italian cities Continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

The Rise of Italian City-States Lesson 1 The Rise of Italian City-States Venice Grew into international powerhouse Trade during crusades brought wealth to city Became a Mediterranean empire Milan Became a center of manufacturing Experienced artistic creativity and public building Also experienced frequent warfare (continued) Continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

The Rise of Italian City-States Lesson 1 The Rise of Italian City-States Naples Flourishing independent city-state until the 1130s Series of invasions disrupted Naples Naples prospered under the Angevin dynasty Earthquakes and Black Death in the 1340s hindered prosperity Florence Banking family, the Medici, controls Florence Starting in 1434, Cosmo de Medici became Florence’s dictator for 30 years In 1469, Lorenzo de Medici ruled as dictator Rome In 1143, Rome became a self-governing city with a republican constitution (continued) Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Classical and Worldly Values Lesson 1 Classical and Worldly Values Classics Lead to Humanism Humanism—intellectual movement focused on human achievements Humanists studied classical texts, history, literature, philosophy Worldly Pleasures Renaissance society was secular—worldly Wealthy enjoyed fine food, homes, clothes Continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Classical and Worldly Values Lesson 1 Classical and Worldly Values Patrons of the Arts Patron—a financial supporter of artists Church leaders spend money on artworks to beautify cities Wealthy merchants also patrons of the arts The Renaissance Man Excels in many fields: the classics, art, politics, combat Baldassare Castiglione’s The Courtier (1528) The book teaches how to become a “universal” person (continued) Continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Classical and Worldly Values Lesson 1 Classical and Worldly Values The Renaissance Woman Upper-class, educated in classics, charming Expected to inspire art but not create it Isabella d’Este, patron of artists, wields power in Mantua (continued) Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

The Italian Renaissance LESSON 2 The Italian Renaissance was a rediscovery of learning that produced many great works of art and literature. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

The Italian Renaissance LESSON 2 Artists of the Italian Renaissance Artists use realistic style copied from classical art, often to portray religious subjects Painters use perspective—a way to show three dimensions on a canvas Artists such as Michelangelo Buonarroti used a realistic style when depicting the human body Donatello revived classical form in sculpture Leonardo da Vinci, Renaissance Man Leonardo da Vinci—painter, sculptor, inventor, scientist Paints one of the best-known portraits in the world: the Mona Lisa Famous religious painting: The Last Supper Continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Artists of the Italian Renaissance Lesson 2 Artists of the Italian Renaissance Raphael Advances Realism Raphael Sanzio, famous for his use of perspective Favorite subject: the Madonna and child Famous painting: School of Athens Anguissola and Gentileschi Sofonisba Anguissola: first woman artist to gain world renown Artemisia Gentileschi paints strong, heroic women Italian Renaissance Architecture Architecture featured classical Roman forms, such as columns and domes Filippo Brunelleschi fused classical with Romanesque style Andrea Palladio wrote influential book with rules and plans for buildings (continued) Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Writers of the Italian Renaissance Lesson 2 Writers of the Italian Renaissance Petrarch and Boccaccio Francesco Petrarch, humanist and poet; woman named Laura is his muse Boccaccio is best known for the Decameron, a series of stories Machiavelli Advises Rulers Niccolò Machievelli, author of political guidebook, The Prince The Prince examines how rulers can gain and keep power Vittoria Colonna Woman writer with great influence Poems express personal emotions Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

The Northern Renaissance LESSON 3 In the 1400s, the ideas of the Italian Renaissance began to spread to Northern Europe. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

The Northern Renaissance LESSON 3 The Northern Renaissance Begins Spirit of Renaissance Italy impresses visitors from northern Europe When Hundred Years’ War ends (1453), cities grow rapidly Merchants in northern cities grow wealthy and sponsor artists England and France unify under strong monarchs who are art patrons Northern Renaissance artists interested in realism Humanists interested in social reform based on Judeo-Christian values Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Artistic Ideas Spread German Painters Flemish Painters Lesson 3 Artists, writers move to northern Europe fleeing war in Italy (1494) German Painters Albrecht Dürer’s woodcuts and engravings emphasize realism Hans Holbein the Younger paints portraits, often of English royalty Flemish Painters Flanders is the artistic center of northern Europe Jan van Eyck, pioneer in oil-based painting, uses layers of paint Van Eyck’s paintings are realistic and reveal subject’s personality Pieter Bruegel captures scenes of peasant life with realistic details Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Northern Writers Try to Reform Society Lesson 3 Northern Writers Try to Reform Society Criticize the Catholic Church, start Christian humanism Want to reform society and promote education, particularly for women Christian Humanists Desiderius Erasmus of Holland is best-known Christian humanist His book, The Praise of Folly, pokes fun at merchants and priests Thomas More of England creates a model society in his book Utopia Utopia— “no place” in Greek; has come to mean an ideal place Continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Northern Writers Try to Reform Society Lesson 3 Northern Writers Try to Reform Society Women’s Reforms Christine de Pizan, one of the first women writers She promotes education, equal treatment for boys and girls (continued) Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

The Elizabethan Age William Shakespeare Lesson 3 Renaissance spreads to England in mid-1500s Period known as the Elizabethan Age, after Queen Elizabeth I Elizabeth reigns from 1558 to 1603 William Shakespeare William Shakespeare is often regarded as the greatest playwright Born in Stratford-upon-Avon in 1564 Plays performed at London’s Globe Theater Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Printing Spreads Renaissance Ideas Lesson 3 Printing Spreads Renaissance Ideas Around 1045 Bi Sheng of China invents movable type It uses a separate piece of type for each character Gutenberg Improves the Printing Process Around 1440 Johann Gutenberg of Germany develops printing press Printing press allows for quick, cheap book production First book printed with movable type, Gutenberg Bible (1455) Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Renaissance Achievements LESSON 4 The Renaissance was a period of striking achievements in many areas. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Renaissance Achievements LESSON 4 Cultural and Social Achievements Changes in Art Art influenced by classical Greece and Rome Realistic portrayals of individuals and nature Art is both secular and religious Writers use vernacular Art praises individual achievement Continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Cultural and Social Achievements Lesson 4 Cultural and Social Achievements Changes in Literature Writers use the vernacular—their native language Self-expression or to portray individuality of the subject Changes in Architecture Renaissance designs used ration and proportions; balanced and proportioned Classical style spread to France, Russia, and Spain and blended with local traditions (continued) Continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Cultural and Social Achievements Lesson 4 Cultural and Social Achievements Changes in Society Printing makes information widely available Illiterate people benefit by having books read to them Published accounts of maps and charts lead to more discoveries Published legal proceedings make rights clearer to people Political structures and religious practices are questioned (continued) Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

The Legacy of the Renaissance Lesson 4 The Legacy of the Renaissance The Spirit of Inquiry Questioning attitude of the Renaissance led to skepticism—questioned everything skepticism helped the development of the scientific method transformed medicine, physics, and other branches of science people questioned religion and faith Increased curiosity about the world Led to the Age of Exploration Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

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