Class 11 : Trent, and Three Sons and Two Daughters of Trent Dr. Ann T. Orlando 9 February 2018

Introduction 16th C Rome Calling the Council Structure and Results Sons of Trent

Popes of Later 16th Century Paul III (1534-1549) called Council of Trent; approved Jesuit Charter, suspended council of Trent because of animosity with Charles V Julius III (1550-1555) restarted, then suspended Council of Trent Paul IV (1555-1559) opposed to Council Pius IV (1559-1565) restarted Council of Trent; closes Council of Trent St. Pius V (1565-1572) published Catechism of Council of Trent Gregory XIII (1572-1585); reformed calendar; Charles Boromeo administrator Sixtus V (1585-1590) Clement VIII (1592-1605)

Rome in Later 16th C Center of Catholic Spiritual Power Combined with Spanish military might, world-wide reach “Stubborn” emphasis on (reformed) discipline and doctrine rejected by Protestants Sacraments Tradition Saints Importance of Papacy Art in service of religion: the Baroque

Catholic Response: Council of Trent Called by Pope Paul III Lengthy, intermittent (1545-1563) Pope initially reluctant to call council because of bad experiences with councils (especially Council of Constance) in 15th C Purpose was both to address reform of practice and to uphold Catholic doctrine Developed in several sessions Jesuits play a major theological role at Trent; encouraged explicit statement of Catholic doctrine in opposition to Protestant views Letter 14

Politics Behind Council Charles V wanted control of Council; insisted that it occur in his territory, and control over bishops Also, successors of Paul III, Julius III and Paul IV, not in favor of council Limited control over French bishops Not in favor of some reforms Structure of Council in 25 Sessions scattered across 3 Periods Period I (1545-1547) Period II (1551-1552) Period III (1562-1563)

First Period 1545-1547 Key Results Includes Bull of Convocation, Sessions 1-10; Pope Paul III Emphasis on Nicene Creed and Tradition Definitive statement concerning books of NT and OT; Latin Vulgate declared adequate for doctrinal proofs Number of sacraments fixed at 7 Justification: man cooperates with God’s grace

Second Period (1551-1552) Includes Sessions 11-16; Pope Julius III Degree on Eucharist that defined Real Presence; Transubstantiation Sacrament of Penance revised

Third Period (1562-1563) Sessions 18-25; Pope Pius IV Resolution that bishops should live in their diocese Catechism of Trent Revised missal and breviary Mass as true sacrifice Reform decrees on clerical behavior and revision of seminary rules

Key Theological Statements from Trent Scripture and Tradition Sacraments are effective through performance of sacramental action, ex opere operato Affirmed Mass as sacrifice and transubstantiation Affirmed 7 sacraments Good works together with faith brings about salvation Affirmed indulgences and intercession of saints

Trent and Seminaries Recall that universities had been the primary locus for clerical training By the 13th C, run by academics, not bishops Included a broad cross-section of students Emphasis increasingly on intellectual but not moral formation By 16th C increasingly tied to monarchies Trent Session 23 on Seminaries Every bishop should establish a seminary in his diocese; the bishop is directly responsible for the seminary Seminary dedicated to education of clergy

Seminarian Formation Seminarians should wear clerical dress at all times To keep always in mind that they are ecclesiastics Seminarians should study a range of skills including Biblical studies Philosophy and theology Homiletics, especially studying homilies of the Fathers Practical skills such as accounting Seminarians should develop a strong spiritual life Daily Mass Spiritual director and confessor Attend to parish or diocesan assignments on feast days

St. Charles Borromeo (1538-1584) From northern Italy, parents placed him in a monastery school as a young boy Studied for priesthood at university in Pavia Quickly rose to be Archbishop of Milan and Secretary of State Charles was a key intermediary between Pius IV (Charles’ uncle) and the Council Significantly contributed to Tridentine catechism As Archbishop of Milan Instituted the seminary directives from Trent Encouraged lay spiritual formation Beloved in Milan for having personally cared for sick during a plague

St. Robert Bellarmine (1542-1621) Born in Italy; attended schools run by Jesuits Entered Jesuit order 1560 Writes De Controversiis 1576 Systematic work based on Council of Trent As chief theologian in Curia, he was able to ensure degrees of Trent were implemented Declared saint and doctor of Church in 1930

St Francis de Sales (1567-1622) Born in eastern France, educated by Jesuits As a young man studying theology, was very concerned about predestination In prayer before a statue of Mary, his fears were relieved Decided to lead a celibate life Over his father’s objection entered ecclesial life As a priest he was known for the insight of his confessions, and the force of his preaching He was named bishop of Geneva (in absentia) in 1602 Lived a very simple life as bishop Great care for poor Known for kindness Along with St, Jean de Chantal founded Visitation sisters Started catechetical programs for lay people Died praying “God’s will be done; Jesus my God and my all” Canonized 1665; declared doctor of Church 1877

Introduction to the Devout Life Widely influential in his own time Introduction was translated into every European language almost immediately Why such an impact then (and now) Written for layman (really woman) Written in a spirit of understanding and gentleness with the human condition Nothing really new, but repackaged in the light of Reformation and Trent Emphasis on Confession Emphasis on authority of Fathers

Impact of Trent Catholicism in Early Modern World Reiterated tradition Defined Catholicism as opposed to Protestants Gave the Church a unified teaching program against the Protestants Made Jesuits the theologians of the Church at beginning of modern period Note, Jesuits not tied to local bishops But don’t count the Dominicans out… Relation between Trent and Vatican II still being worked out

But Theological Debates On Justification Within Church Continue: Dominicans and Jesuits Luis de Molina (1535-1600) Wrote Concordia to substantiate Trent’s view of free will and grace A commentary on the Summa Denounced by Dominicans as a gross distortion of the Summa A continuing ‘discussion’ within the Church on grace and works Dominicans of 16th, 17th C tended more toward grace; interested in universals Jesuits toward works, interested in particulars Example: Jesuit development of casuistry applied to Penance De-emphasize universal moral principles ‘Sinfulness’ dependent on particulars of the agent and his circumstances Development of extensive manuals of cases (casus) leading to moral evaluations of confessor based on reasoning from given cases as applicable to a similar particular (penitent) Congregatio de Auxiliis called by Clement VIII in 1598 to settle dispute On the advice of St. Francis de Sales, in 1607 Pope Paul V degreed that the Jesuits could not call the Dominicans ‘Calvinstis’; nor were the Dominicans Jesuits allowed to call the Jesuits ‘Pelagians’

Jansenists In early 17th C Bishop of Ypres, Cornelius Jansenius (1583-1635) will write massive Augustinus published in 1640 He was always a loyal son of the Church; “"If, however," he added, "the Holy See wishes any change, I am an obedient son, and I submit to that Church in which I have lived to my dying hour. This is my last wish." Strongly anti-Pelagian, but also questioned value of philosophy (Aristotelianism, scholasticism) to lead to the truths of faith Opposition to Jesuits (Molina in particular), but also some aspects of Dominican position Jansenism will be a potent theological and political force in France throughout the 17th and 18th C before it is formally condemned

The Ursulines Founded in Italy by St. Angela Merici (1474- 1540) in 1535 Named for St. Ursula, 4th C martyr Original Ursulines Lived with families Committed to various charitable activities, especially education of young girls St. Charles Borromeo encouraged Ursulines in Milan to live in community as a congregation Emphasis on education St. Angela Merici was canonized in 1807

Congregation of the Visitation Founded by St. Jean de Chantal (1572-1641) Married to a Baron and had 4 children; her husband a and 2 children died by 1601 St. Jean dedicated herself to charitable works In 1604 she met St. Francis de Sales, who became her spiritual director Visitation Sisters established in 1610 Focus on hospital work and education St. Jena de Chantal canonized in 1767

Assignments 1. Trent Decrees on Scripture, Sacraments, Justification, Indulgences in Bettenson ed. Documents of the Christian Church Third Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. 275-282. 2. Francis De Sales Devout Life, Prayer, Preface and First Part of Introduction in Introduction to the Devout Life, available at http://www.ccel.org/ccel/desales/devout_life.toc.html