1 SOURCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF WATER On completion of this segment you should be able to appreciate Water, an essential component Sources and application of water resources Distribution of global water Uniqueness of water in Australia and its water demand

2 Necessity of Water Water is fundamental to life Water is used not only for drinking but power, transport and irrigation Ancient civilisations thrived where water was abundant or learned to harness it Contaminated water led to outbreaks of diseases

3 Water Use in the Ancient World Nileometer at Aswan

4 Waterwheel on the Rio Guadalquivir, Cordoba (circa 1000 AD)

5 World Water Crisis Water is lifes most precious resource An estimated 1.4 billion people lack safe water 3.3 billion cases of illness and 5.3 million deaths per year 2/3 of humanity will face shortages in 2025 Knowledge is central to improve global water supply

6 Distribution of Global Water

7 Comparison of Worlds Drainage Systems

8 Queenslands Major Drainage Systems

9 Uniqueness of Australian Water Resources Average annual precipitation is 465 mm of which 10% appears as runoff Average annual world precipitation is 860 mm Wide disparity in temporal and spatial distribution

10 Wide disparity in temporal distribution

11 Wide disparity in temporal distribution

12 Wide disparity in temporal distribution

13 SURFACE WATER The most visible water resource resulting from excess rainfall that appears as streams and lakes Quality and quantity are highly variable Requires storage Subject to changing land use and evaporation Runoff and precipitates may add significant contaminants

14 GROUNDWATER Outside ice-caps and glaciers (76.0%), groundwater represents a significant part of global freshwater (23.5%), while surface water is only minute (0.5%) Small development cost Negligible evapotranspiration losses Reduced alienation of productive land Consistent water quality

15 GROUNDWATER Some disadvantages: High pumping energy cost Variation in standing water level Higher dissolved solids and minerals Corrosion and encrustation of pipes and fittings May not be suitable for human and industrial uses

16 Potential to use aquifer to treat, store and recover recycled water (source: The Weekend Australian July 6 – 7, p.18)

17 Australian Water Use Irrigation 74% Rural purposes 8% Urban and industrial usage 18% Primary resources are ground and surface water

18 Urban Water Demand Residential use constitutes 40 – 60% Commercial use Industrial use Public use Loss

19 Some water supply planning parameters Average Day Demand ADD Total annual demand/365 day Mean Day Max Month MDMM Highest 30 day moving average daily water demand Peak Day DemandPD Maximum day demand Peak Hour DemandPH Maximum hour demand or peak instantaneous demand Fire flow 15 L/s for 2 h in residential; 30 L/s in commercial; also dependent on population

20 Factors Affecting Demand Water demand is based on population size but other factors may include:

21 Fluctuations in Demand Diurnal flows Seasonal flows Maximum:minimum flows will depend on population mix

22 Ratio Peak:Average Flow Against Population

23 Some factors used in the Design Flow Average daily demand (ADD) Mean day of the max month (MDMM = 1.5 x ADD) Maximum day (PD = 1.5 x MDMM) Maximum hour (PH = MD/12)

24 Queensland average flows 400 L/c.d in SE Queensland 800 L/c.d in northern coastal towns 1500 L/c.d in dry western areas

25 A Water Supply System Source - surface, ground or combination Extraction facilities - intake structures, pumps Conveyance system - trunk mains, channels Water treatment to achieve quality Distribution system - storage, supply mains and reticulation

26 A typical water supply system

27 Dam Water Storage Revelstoke Dam British Columbia

28 An Intake Structure

29 An Intake Structure (Perseverance)

30 A Small Intake Structure

31 End of water source and demand segment