Thermodynamics Lecture Series Applied Sciences Education Research Group (ASERG) Faculty of Applied Sciences Universiti Teknologi MARA Pure substances – Property tables and Property Diagrams

Quotes You do not really understand something unless you can explain it to your grandmother. (Albert Einstein)

Introduction Objectives: 1.State the meaning of pure substances 2.Provide examples of pure and non-pure substances. 3.Read the appropriate property table to determine phase and other properties. 4.Sketch property diagrams with respect to the saturation lines, representing phase and properties of pure substances.

FIGURE 1–5 Some application areas of thermodynamics. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-1 Application

Example: A steam power cycle. Steam Turbine Mechanical Energy to Generator Heat Exchanger Cooling Water Pump Fuel Air Combustion Products System Boundary for Thermodynamic Analysis System Boundary for Thermodynamic Analysis Steam Power Plant

FIGURE 1–17 A control volume may involve fixed, moving, real, and imaginary boundaries. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-5 Open system devices

Heat Exchanger Throttle

CHAPTER 2 Properties of Pure Substances Title:

Pure Substances Pure substancesPure substances –Substance with fixed chemical composition Can be single element: Such as, N 2, H 2, O 2Can be single element: Such as, N 2, H 2, O 2 Compound: Such as Water, H 2 O, C 4 H 10,Compound: Such as Water, H 2 O, C 4 H 10, Mixture such as Air,Mixture such as Air, 2-phase system such as H 2 O.2-phase system such as H 2 O. –Responsible for the receiving and removing dynamic energy (working fluid) Pure substancesPure substances –Substance with fixed chemical composition Can be single element: Such as, N 2, H 2, O 2Can be single element: Such as, N 2, H 2, O 2 Compound: Such as Water, H 2 O, C 4 H 10,Compound: Such as Water, H 2 O, C 4 H 10, Mixture such as Air,Mixture such as Air, 2-phase system such as H 2 O.2-phase system such as H 2 O. –Responsible for the receiving and removing dynamic energy (working fluid)

Phase Change of Water H 2 O Sat. liquid Q in P = 100 kPa T = 99.6 C P = 100 kPa T = 99.6 C Water interacts with thermal energy = kPa T, C 30, m 3 /kg 1 H 2 O: C. liquid P = 100 kPa T = 30 C P = 100 kPa T = 30 C Q in

Phase Change of Water H 2 O Sat. liquid Q in P = 100 kPa T = 99.6 C P = 100 kPa T = 99.6 C Water interacts with thermal energy H 2 O: Sat. Liq. Sat. Vapor Q in = kPa T, C 30, m 3 /kg 1 3

Phase Change of Water Water interacts with thermal energy 4 = kPa = kPa T, C 30, m 3 /kg 1 3 P = 100 kPa T = 99.6 C P = 100 kPa T = 99.6 C H 2 O: Sat. Vapor H 2 O: Sat. Vapor Q in H 2 O: Sat. Liq. Sat. Vapor Q in

Phase Change of Water Water interacts with thermal energy = kPa T, C 30, m 3 /kg 1 4 = kPa 3 5 kPa, 150°C 3 = [ f + x f g kPa 1 = H 2 O: Super Vapor H 2 O: Super Vapor P = 100 kPa T = 150 C P = 100 kPa T = 150 C Q in P = 100 kPa T = 99.6 C P = 100 kPa T = 99.6 C H 2 O: Sat. Vapor H 2 O: Sat. Vapor Q in

Phase Change of Water Water interacts with thermal energy H 2 O: Sat. Liq. Sat. Vapor P = 100 kPa T = 99.6 C P = 100 kPa T = 99.6 C Q in P = 100 kPa T = 99.6 C P = 100 kPa T = 99.6 C H 2 O: Sat. Vapor H 2 O: Sat. Vapor Q in P = 100 kPa T = 150 C P = 100 kPa T = 150 C H 2 O: Super Vapor H 2 O: Super Vapor Q in P = 100 kPa T = 30 C P = 100 kPa T = 30 C H 2 O: C. liquid Q in P = 100 kPa T = 99.6 C P = 100 kPa T = 99.6 C H 2 O Sat. liquid Q in

Phase Change of Water = kPa T, C 30, m 3 /kg 1 4 = kPa 3 5 kPa, 150°C 3 = [ f + x f g kPa 1 = kPa 5 Compressed liquid: Good estimation for properties by taking y = y where y can be either, u, h or s.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2-1 FIGURE 2-11 T-v diagram for the heating process of water at constant pressure.

Phase Change of Water T, C, m 3 /kg 99.6 kPa kPa 100 kPa kPa1000 kPa

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2-2 FIGURE 2-16 T-v diagram of constant- pressure phase-change processes of a pure substance at various pressures (numerical values are for water) T –v diagram: Multiple P

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2-3 FIGURE 2-18 T-v diagram of a pure substance. T –v diagram: Multiple P

T, C, m 3 /kg T – v diagram - Example 70 = C = kPa P, kPa T, C 5070 P sat, kPa T sat, C Phase, Y? Compressed Liquid, T < T sat, m 3 /kg C

T – v diagram - Example T, C, m 3 /kg kPa = kPa P, kPa, m 3 /kg T- diagram with respect to the saturation lines Phase, Why? Sup. V., > g P sat, kPa T sat, C = kPa = T, C400

T – v diagram - Example T, C, m 3 /kg 1,000 kPa P, kPau, kJ/kg 1,0002,000 T- diagram with respect to the saturation lines Phase, Why? Wet Mix., u f < u < u g P sat, kPa T sat, C kPa = kPa = T, C179.9 = [ f + x f g kPa

Property Table Saturated water – Pressure table Pressure P, kPa P, MPa Specific internal energy, kJ/kg u f, kJ/kgu fg, kJ/kgu g, kJ/kg Specific volume, m 3 /kg f, m 3 /kg g, m 3 /kg Sat. temp. T sat, C