Unit 1 – Science Inquiry Biology

What is BIOLOGY? The study of living things Different branches? What does it mean to you to be alive?

Characteristics of Life Energy (obtain & use) – What is Metabolism?  Obtaining nutrients (digestion, photosynthesis) What is Respiration  Take in O2, use O2, release CO2 Reproduction – Creating offspring (children, an animal’s young) Asexual vs. sexual

Three Factors Constantly changing Here are three factors that are constantly changing in our environment: Temperature Gas Pressure/ Atmospheric pressure. Weather/Wind, Rain. What does an organisms need to do in order to maintain internal balance in an always changing environment? Homeostasis  Maintain a constant internal environment

Characteristics of Life Movement – Describe some ways that animals move: External AND internal How do plants move? Phototaxis-movement towards light as well as taxis towards water. Responsiveness – React to change Growth – Increase in body size or increase in cell numbers

Levels of Organization Atoms Molecules Macromolecules Organelles Cells Tissues (groups of cells) Organ (groups of tissues) Organ system (group of organs)

Levels of Organization 9. Organism (groups of organ systems) 10. Population (interbreeding species) 11. Community (all species in a given area)

Levels of Organization 12. Ecosystem (biotic and abiotic) 13. Biosphere (all areas on earth that sustain life)

Jobs in a Community Producers – Other examples  trees, algae, flowers Organisms that create sugar (food) Plants  photosynthesis Other examples  trees, algae, flowers

Jobs in a Community Consumers – Uses sugar (food) to maintain energy needed to survive Reminder: energy is needed to grow, to reproduce, to move, and to maintain homeostasis Primary  Eat the producers (herbivores) Examples: Deer, birds, rabbits Secondary  Eat other animals (carnivores or omnivores) Examples: Owl, humans, bear

Jobs in a Community Decomposers – Living things that get their food from breaking down dead matter Examples: Bacteria, fungi, mold Without decomposers, the world would be covered in dead material

Domains Archae – Ancient bacteria that don’t necessarily use O2 as an energy source Extreme climates/environments Archaebacteria stain in a geyser

Domains Eubacteria – Eukaryotes – Use O2 for energy Prokaryotes (no nucleus) Eukaryotes – Cells with a nucleus (contains DNA) E. Coli

Kingdoms Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protists Fungus Plants Animals

Kingdoms Rankings – Organisms are grouped (broad to specific) Kingdom  largest category of classification Phylum  group of similar classes Class  group of similar orders Order  group of similar families Family  group of similar genera (plural of genus) Genus  group of similar species Species smallest taxa (group) ONLY the same species can breed and produce fertile offspring!

Example – Domestic Dogs Kingdom  Animalia Phylum  Chordata Class  Mammalia Order  Carnivora Family  Canidae Genus  Canis Species  Lupus

Most Important Rules for Graphing 1 Title must explain the graph meaning X axis must be labeled and must be the Independent Variable Y Axis must be labeled and must be the Dependent Variable Graph type must fit data presentation Numbers must go in sequence

Types of Graphs Circle Graph: Shows Percentage Bar Graph: Shows comparisons:

Types of Graphs continued Line Graph: Shows a change in something (often it is a change over time) **Important to note that if you have multiple data points, you can create a double line graph**

Scientific Method (page 14) Identify a problem – a question with a possible answer Background information Create hypothesis – educated guess that must be testable If/then statement Test hypothesis – experiment/procedure Make observations – collecting data for proof Come to a conclusion – was hypothesis supported? Revise hypothesis and retest

Experimental Design Constant variables – Independent variable – Does not change (compare results to) Independent variable – Purposely changed (changes at constant rate) Dependent variable – Results from the independent variable (changes based on independent variable) Experimental error – Mistakes that may skew results Sample size – Larger the better Statistics, Charts and Graphs: Give a visual description of how the data supports or disproves your hypothesis

Scientific Inquiry Hypothesis – Theory – Law – Educated guess that is testable Theory – In science  a logical/testable model Tries to explain an event Set of hypothesis that are put together Can be disproven!!! Example? Law – Well documented history of proven tests Describes the event

Biology Terms Evolution – Mutation – Survival of the fittest – Change in a population over time Mutation – Change in the genetic makeup of an individual Survival of the fittest – Organisms best suited to their environment will survive and reproduce

Natural Selection Nature chooses most suitable adaptations for the environment Individuals vary in Form Function Behavior Adaptive, environmentally affected traits Outcome of differences in survival and “reproduction” Leads to a better fit with prevailing environmental conditions