SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR PREDISPOSAL MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE Luc Baekelandt (lucbaekelandt@telenet.be) Safety of radioactive waste management facilities Amman (Jordan), 14-18 December 2014

Introduction Predisposal management of radioactive waste means all waste management steps prior to disposal The safety requirements for predisposal management of radioactive waste are established in GSR Part 5, and are based on the fundamental safety principles SF-1. Predisposal management of radioactive waste includes processing of operational or decommissioning waste (from small scale laboratory use of radionuclides to large nuclear fuel cycle facilities) as well as waste from cleanup activities. LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/01

General approach Avoid or reduce waste generation Collect and segregate Release from regulatory control, if safe Reuse, recycle Process remaining waste according to national policy and strategy In the design of facilities and planning of activities that have a potential to generate radioactive waste, measures are put in place to avoid or reduce, to the extent practicable, its generation. Waste and other residual materials are appropriately collected and segregated after collection, as necessary. Waste may be released from regulatory control if it does not require further consideration from the viewpoint of radiation safety. This includes the controlled discharge of effluents produced during predisposal operations. As far as reasonably practicable, the reuse and recycling of materials are applied as means of minimizing radioactive waste generation. The remaining waste is processed in accordance with the national strategy for radioactive waste management. LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/02

Safety Objective The objective of radioactive waste management is to deal with radioactive waste in a manner that protects human health and the environment now and in the future without imposing undue burdens on future generations. LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/03

Protection of human health Protection of workers, public and the environment Protection beyond national borders Justification, optimization, individual dose limits Potential exposures Safety culture In considering options in the predisposal management of radioactive waste, due consideration shall be given to the protection of workers and the public and to the protection of the environment. Protection shall also be provided beyond national borders. Radiation protection considerations must be governed by the principles of justification of the practice, optimization of protection and individual dose limits (for workers and for members of the public. The generation and management of radioactive waste does not need to be justified as a practice in its own, but must be taken into account in the justification of the entire practice that generates the waste. Potential exposures must be given consideration. A safety culture must be developed, maintained and improved. LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/04

GSR part 5, Predisposal Management of Radioactive Waste 22 requirements 3 groups responsibilities (1-7) steps in predisposal management (8-12) development and operation of facilities and activities (13-22) LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/05

Responsibilities associated with predisposal management of radioactive waste Introduction R 1 - Legal and regulatory framework R 2 - National policy and strategy R 3 - Responsibilities of the regulatory body R 4 - Responsibilities of the operator R 5 - Security measures R 6 - Interdependences between steps R 7 - Management systems LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/06

Responsibilities - Introduction Clear allocation of responsibilities throughout the entire process Assurance and confidence within regulatory and legal framework Continuity of responsibility over time and location (e.g. central storage, extended storage periods) The key points are: The clear allocation of responsibilities (government, regulatory body, operators) is essential to ensure safety in the predisposal management of radioactive waste. While safety is the prime responsibility of the operator, ensuring safety and developing a broader confidence in safety also requires the establishment of an effective regulatory process within a clearly defined legal framework. It is possible that the predisposal management of radioactive waste will involve the transfer of radioactive waste from one operator to another, or that radioactive waste may even be processed in another State. In such situations, continuity of responsibility for safety is necessary throughout. LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/07

Requirement 1: Legal and regulatory framework The government shall provide for an appropriate national legal and regulatory framework within which radioactive waste management activities can be planned and safely carried out. This shall include the clear and unequivocal allocation of responsibilities, the securing of financial and other resources, and the provision of independent regulatory functions. Protection shall also be provided beyond national borders as appropriate and necessary for neighbouring States that may be affected. LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/08

Requirement 2: National policy and strategy on radioactive waste management (1) To ensure the effective management and control of radioactive waste, the government shall ensure that a national policy and a strategy for radioactive waste management are established. The policy and strategy shall be appropriate for the nature and the amount of the radioactive waste in the State, shall indicate the regulatory control required, and shall consider relevant societal factors. The policy and strategy shall be compatible with the fundamental safety principles and with international instruments, conventions and codes that have been ratified by the State. The national policy and strategy shall form the basis for decision making with respect to the management of radioactive waste. LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/09

Requirement 2: National policy and strategy on radioactive waste management (2) Set out preferred options for RW management; Reflect national priorities, available resources; Based on knowledge of current, future waste inventories/streams; Assign responsibilities for all aspects of RW management. National Strategy Ensures implementation of the national policy; Provide for coordination of responsibilities; Compatible with other national strategies (nuclear safety, radiation protection). The national policy on radioactive waste management has to set out the preferred options for radioactive waste management. It has to reflect national priorities and available resources and has to be based on knowledge of the waste to be managed (e.g. knowledge of the inventory and of waste streams) now and in the future. It has to assign responsibilities for various aspects of radioactive waste management, including regulatory overview. The national strategy for radioactive waste management has to outline arrangements for ensuring the implementation of the national policy. It has to provide for the coordination of responsibilities. It has to be compatible with other related strategies such as strategies for nuclear safety and for radiation protection. LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/10

Requirement 3: Responsibilities of the Regulatory Body (1) The regulatory body shall establish the requirements for the development of radioactive waste management facilities and activities and shall set out procedures for meeting the requirements for the various stages of the licensing process. The regulatory body shall review and assess the safety case and the environmental impact assessment for radioactive waste management facilities and activities, as prepared by the operator both prior to authorization and periodically during operation. The regulatory body shall provide for the issuing, amending, suspension or revoking of licences, subject to any necessary conditions. The regulatory body shall carry out activities to verify that the operator meets these conditions. Enforcement actions shall be taken as necessary by the regulatory body in the event of deviations from, or non-compliance with, requirements and conditions. LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/11

Requirement 3: Responsibilities of the Regulatory Body (2) Establish appropriate classification scheme Establish safety requirements and criteria Handling, transport, storage Acceptance criteria for disposal Limits and conditions for removal of controls from material containing radionuclides (clearance), discharges Ensure that relevant documents and records are prepared Period of preservation, quality Verify that the operator meets established conditions; Take necessary enforcement actions LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/12

Requirement 3: Responsibilities of the Regulatory Body (3) To facilitate compliance with requirements, the regulatory body has to: provide guidance on interpretation of national standards and regulatory requirements encourage/participate in dialogue between operator and other parties establish RW definition/classification, clearance criteria document the procedures (licensing, verification, enforcement) establish mechanisms for dissemination of information agree / delineate areas of responsibility / cooperation ensure that consideration is given to non-radiological hazards Carry out verification activities that are supported by an effective management system and strong safety culture To facilitate compliance with regulatory requirements, the regulatory body has to: - provide guidance on interpretation of national standards and regulatory requirements - encourage/participate in dialogue between operator and other parties - establish RW definition/classification, clearance criteria - document the procedures (licensing, verification, enforcement) - establish a mechanism by means of which information on incidents significant to safety is disseminated to interested parties; - enter into agreement, where appropriate, with other governmental bodies responsible for regulation in related fields to delineate areas of responsibility or of cooperation; - ensure that due consideration is given to non-radiological hazards throughout the entire predisposal management of radioactive waste. The regulatory body has to carry out activities that are necessary to verify that requirements for safety and environmental protection are met by the operator. These activities are to be supported by an effective management system, including the establishment and maintenance of a strong safety culture. LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/13

Requirement 4 :Responsibilities of the operator (1) Operators shall be responsible for the safety of predisposal radioactive waste management facilities or activities. The operator shall carry out safety assessments and shall develop a safety case, and shall ensure that the necessary activities for siting, design, construction, commissioning, operation, shutdown and decommissioning are carried out in compliance with legal and regulatory requirements. LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/14

Requirement 4 :Responsibilities of the operator (2) Demonstration of safety by means of the safety case, and for an existing facility or activity by means of periodic safety reviews Demonstration of environmental protection by means of an assessment of environmental impacts Derivation of operational limits, conditions and controls, including waste acceptance criteria, to assist with ensuring that the predisposal radioactive waste management facility is operated in accordance with the safety case Preparation and implementation of appropriate operating procedures, including monitoring Application of good engineering practice LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/15

Requirement 4 :Responsibilities of the operator (3) Ensuring that staff are trained, qualified and competent, and, where applicable, licensed by the regulatory body Establishment and implementation of a management system Maintenance of records and reporting as required by the regulatory body, including those records and reports necessary to guarantee the accountability for and traceability of radioactive waste throughout the different processes of radioactive waste management Establishment and maintenance of a mechanism to provide and ensure adequate financial resources to discharge his responsibilities LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/16

Requirement 5: Security Measures Measures shall be implemented to ensure an integrated approach to safety and security in the predisposal management of radioactive waste. The level of security is required to be commensurate with the level of radiological hazard and the nature of the waste. Security measures and safety measures must not compromise each other. LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/17

Requirement 6: Interdependences (1) Interdependences among all steps in the generation and management of radioactive waste, as well as the impact of the anticipated disposal option, shall be appropriately taken into account. In this regard, compatibility and optimization are important. Compatibility: taking actions that facilitate other steps and avoiding taking decisions in one step that detrimentally affect the options available in another step. Optimization: assessing the overall options for waste management with all the interdependences taken into account. The use of well managed information of good quality is key to both aspects. LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/18

Requirement 6: Interdependences (2) It is particularly important to consider the established acceptance criteria for disposal of the waste or the criteria that are anticipated for the most probable disposal option It is not consistent with an integrated approach to optimize one step in the predisposal management of radioactive waste in such a way that it imposes significant constraints on the subsequent steps or forecloses viable options LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/19

Requirement 7: Management systems Management systems shall be applied for all steps and elements of the predisposal management of radioactive waste. Features that are important to safe operation, and that are considered in the management system, are to be identified on the basis of the safety case and the assessment of environmental impacts. LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/20

Steps in predisposal management of radioactive waste R 8 - Generation and control of radioactive waste R 9 - Characterization and classification R 10 - Processing of radioactive waste R 11 - Storage of radioactive waste R 12 - Radioactive waste acceptance criteria LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/21

Principal Approaches in the management of radioactive waste Delay and decay - (processing), storage, authorized discharge Concentrate and contain - processing, storage, disposal Dilute and disperse - authorized discharge Radionuclides have a property that is useful in waste management: they decay, meaning that their activity – or radiological hazard associated with the waste is reduced in time. This is put in use in the approaches to waste management. The principal approaches to the management of radioactive waste are commonly termed ‘delay and decay’, ‘concentrate and contain’ and ‘dilute and disperse’. ‘Delay and decay’ involves holding the waste in storage until the desired reduction in activity has occurred through radioactive decay of the radionuclides contained in the waste. ‘Concentrate and contain’ means reduction of volume and confinement of the radionuclide contents by means of a conditioning process to prevent dispersion in the environment. ‘Dilute and disperse’ means discharging waste to the environment in such a way that environmental conditions and processes ensure that the concentrations of the radionuclides are reduced to such levels that the radiological impact of the released material is acceptable. In establishing policies in this area, consideration has to be given to the radiological impacts of the different management options. From a radiological protection perspective, a balance has to be struck between the present exposures resulting from the dispersal of radionuclides in the environment and potential future exposures which could result as a consequence of radioactive waste disposal The first two approaches (‘delay and decay’, ‘concentrate and contain’) require that radioactive waste be held in storage for varying lengths of time or placed in a disposal facility with a view to preventing its release to the environment. Radioactive waste must therefore be processed, as necessary, in such a way that it can be safely placed and held in a storage or disposal facility. The third approach (‘dilute and disperse’) is a legitimate practice in the management of radioactive waste and has to be carried out within authorized limits established by the regulatory body. LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/22

Steps in the predisposal management of radioactive waste Generation Processing pre-treatment (collection, segregation, chemical adjustment) treatment (change of the characteristics of the waste, e.g. volume, chemical composition) Conditioning (immobilisation, packaging) Storage + Transport Effective management of radioactive waste considers the basic steps in the radioactive waste management process as parts of a total system, from generation through disposal. Generation of radioactive waste Pretreatment Pretreatment of waste is the initial step in waste management that occurs after waste generation. It consists of, for example, collection, segregation, chemical adjustment and decontamination and may include a period of interim storage. Treatment Treatment of radioactive waste includes those operations intended to improve safety or economy by changing the characteristics of the radioactive waste. The basic treatment concepts are volume reduction, radionuclide removal and change of composition. Conditioning Conditioning of radioactive waste involves those operations that transform radioactive waste into a form suitable for handling, transport, storage and disposal. The operations may include immobilization of radioactive waste, placing the waste into an appropriate packaging. Note that all processing steps are not always necessary; a wide variety of activities exist. The type of processing necessary depends on the particular waste, its form and characteristics, and the overall strategy for waste management. LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/23

Requirement 8: Radioactive waste generation and control (1) All radioactive waste shall be identified and controlled. Radioactive waste arising shall be kept to the minimum practicable. LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/24

Requirement 8: Radioactive waste generation and control (2) Reduce waste generation - volume and radioactivity content has to be considered before the construction of a facility, beginning with the design phase, and throughout the lifetime of the facility Reuse and recycling Authorized discharge of effluents, clearance of materials in compliance with conditions and criteria established by the regulatory body Ensure due consideration to non-radiological hazards The control measures are generally applied in the following order: reduce waste generation, reuse items as originally intended, recycle materials and, finally, consider disposal as waste. The reuse and recycling of materials has to be applied to keep the generation of radioactive waste to the minimum practicable, provided that protection objectives are met. The authorized discharge of effluents and clearance of materials from regulatory control, after some appropriate processing and/or a sufficiently long period of storage, together with reuse and recycling of material, can be effective in reducing the amount of radioactive waste that needs further processing or storage. The regulatory body also has to ensure that the operator gives due consideration to non-radiological hazards in applying such options. LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/25

Requirement 9: Characterization and classification of radioactive waste (1) At various stages in the process of management of radioactive waste, the radioactive waste shall be classified and characterized in accordance with the requirements established or approved by the Regulatory Body. LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/26

Requirement 9: Characterization and classification of radioactive waste (2) Radioactive waste has to be characterized in terms of physical, mechanical, chemical, radiological and biological properties; The characterization serves to provide information relevant to process control and assurance that waste will meet the Waste Acceptance Criteria/ Requirements for processing, storage, transport and disposal; The relevant characteristics of the waste have to be recorded to facilitate its further management; Most common classification scheme: future disposal. Radioactive waste may be classified/categorized for different purposes, and different classification/categorisation schemes may be used in the successive steps in waste management. The most common classification is that made from the perspective of its future disposal. LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/27

Requirement 10: Processing of radioactive waste (1) Radioactive material for which no further use is foreseen, and with characteristics that make it unsuitable for authorized discharge, authorized use or clearance from regulatory control, shall be processed as radioactive waste. The processing of radioactive waste shall be based on appropriate consideration of the characteristics of the waste and of the demands imposed by the different steps in its management (pretreatment, treatment, conditioning, transport, storage and disposal). Waste packages shall be designed and produced so that the radioactive material is appropriately contained both during normal operation and in accident conditions that could occur in the handling, storage, transport and disposal of waste. LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/28

Requirement 10: Processing of radioactive waste (2) Main purpose of processing is to enhance safety by producing a waste form that fulfills the acceptance criteria for safe transport, storage and disposal; Safety is ensured during normal operation, measures are taken to prevent occurrence of incidents or accidents, and provisions are made to mitigate consequences of accidents; Consistency with the waste type, possible storage, (anticipated) disposal option is established in the safety case and assessment of environmental impact. LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/29

Requirement 10: Processing of radioactive waste (3) Resulting waste form should be such that it can be safely stored and retrieved up until its ultimate disposal Provisions for identifying, assessing and dealing with waste that does not meet process specifications shall be provided Consideration is to be given to consequences of dealing with secondary waste generated during processing Processing of waste can yield effluents suitable for authorized discharge or material that is suitable for clearance LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/30

Requirement 10: Processing of radioactive waste (4) In the absence of known disposal option Conflicting processing requirements – safety vs. flexibility Storage may have to be extended in time Risk of additional processing and higher cost In the absence of known disposal option, consideration has to be given to the potential conflict between the need to contain and store the waste in a passive, safe condition and the desirability of retaining flexibility in waste form so as to avoid prejudicing the choice of eventual disposal options. In striking a balance between closing an option and retaining flexibility, it is necessary to ensure that conflicting requirements that might compromise safety are avoided. If a disposal facility does not exist, long term storage is necessary - this may result in additional requirements for waste packages and storage. Later, the disposal option chosen may result in further requirements and including reconditioning. (Although existing waste forms are usually the input for diposal design) LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/31

Requirement 11: Storage of radioactive waste (1) Waste shall be stored in such a manner that it can be inspected, monitored, retrieved and preserved in a condition suitable for its subsequent management. Due account shall be taken of the expected period of storage, and, to the extent possible, passive safety features shall be applied. For long term storage in particular, measures shall be taken to prevent degradation of the waste containment. Storage is by definition an interim measure, but it can last for several decades. The intention in storing waste is that the waste can be retrieved for clearance, processing and/or disposal at a later time, or, in the case of effluent, for authorized discharge. Storage may take place between and within basic waste management steps; Storage may be used to facilitate subsequent step: Act as a buffer between / within steps; Allow time for decay prior to clearance or authorized discharge; Hold waste generated in emergency situations pending decision on its future management. LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/32

Requirement 11: Storage of radioactive waste (2) Design of storage facility depends on the type of radioactive waste, its characteristics and associated hazards, radioactive inventory, and anticipated period of storage; Regular monitoring, inspection and maintenance of the waste and of the storage facility is required to ensure their continued integrity; Adequacy of the storage capacity has to be periodically reviewed (prediction in waste arising, availability of disposal options). LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/33

Requirement 12: Radioactive waste acceptance criteria (1) Waste packages and unpackaged waste accepted for processing, storage and/or disposal shall conform to criteria consistent with the approved safety case Note that the safety case (a collection of arguments…) is normally not formally approved by the regulatory body. The safety case has to convince the regulatory body to grant the licence. LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/34

Requirement 12: Radioactive waste acceptance criteria (2) Radioactive waste destined for disposal shall be processed to meet the acceptance criteria for disposal established with the approval of the regulatory body. WAC define the radiological, mechanical, physical, chemical and biological properties of the waste package and unpackaged waste WAC are essential for the safe handling and storage of waste during normal operation, ensuring safety during possible accidents, and long term safety during subsequent disposal LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/35

Requirement 12: Radioactive waste acceptance criteria (3) Provision must be made for the management of waste that fails to meet the WAC (e.g. remedial actions or return of waste) LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/36

Development and Operation of facilities and activities R 13 - Preparation of the safety case R 14 - Scope of the safety case R 15 - Documentation of the safety case R 16 - Periodic safety reviews R 17 - Siting and design of the facility R 18 - Construction and commissioning of the facility R 19 - Operation of the facility R 20 - Shutdown and decommissioning of the facility R 21 - Nuclear safeguards R 22 - Existing facilities LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/37

Development and Operation of Predisposal radioactive waste management facilities Approach to safety Safety case Periodic safety reviews Development of facilities Location and design Construction and commissioning Operation Shutdown and decommissioning Other provisions Section 5 of GSR Part 5 establishes requirements for the safe development and operation of predisposal radioactive waste management facilities and safe conduct of activities. It includes 10 requirements grouped into 3 sections: Approach to safety Development of facilities Other provisions LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/38

Safety Case (1) Definition (IAEA Safety Glossary) A collection of arguments and evidence in support of a facility or activity. This will normally include the findings of a safety assessment and a statement of confidence in these findings. For a repository, the safety case may relate to a given stage of development. In such cases, the safety case should acknowledge the existence of any unresolved issues and should provide guidance for work to resolve these issues in further development stages. LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/39

Safety Case (2) the safety covers the suitability of the site and the design, construction and operation of the facility, the assessment of radiation risks and assurance of the quality of all the safety related work the safety analysis report (SAR) and the environmental impact assessment (IEA) report are the ‘top level’ of the safety case LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/40

Safety Case (3a) judge plea (the lawyer argues the case) lawyer supporting documentation LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/41

Safety Case (3b) judge regulatory body plea (the lawyer argues the case) SAR + EIA lawyer operator supporting documentation supporting documentation LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/42

Safety Case (4) Safety case judge regulatory body plea (the lawyer argues the case) SAR + EIA Safety case lawyer operator supporting documentation supporting documentation LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/43

Requirement 13: Preparation of the safety case and supporting safety assessment (1) The operator shall prepare a safety case and a supporting safety assessment. In the case of a step by step development, or in the event of modification of the facility or activity, the safety case and its supporting safety assessment shall be reviewed and updated as necessary. SC has to be prepared early in the development of the facility as a basis for regulatory decision making and approval; SC has to be progressively developed and refined as the project proceeds; It is the operator’s responsibility to compile the SA in accordance with the requirements of the regulatory body. LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/44

Requirement 13: Preparation of the safety case and supporting safety assessment (2) In the case of a step by step development, or in the event of modification of the facility or activity, the safety case and its supporting safety assessment shall be reviewed and updated as necessary. The review and update ensure the quality of the technical programme and the associated decision making, and provide a framework in which confidence in the technical feasibility and safety of the facility can be established at each stage of its development. LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/45

Requirement 14: Scope of the safety case and supporting safety assessment (1) The safety case for a predisposal radioactive waste management facility shall include a description of how all the safety aspects of the site, the design, operation, shutdown and decommissioning of the facility, and the managerial controls satisfy the regulatory requirements. The safety case and its supporting safety assessment shall demonstrate the level of protection provided and shall provide assurance to the regulatory body that safety requirements will be met. LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/46

Requirement 14: Scope of the safety case and supporting safety assessment (2) Considers and justifies the design, systems, processes and arrangements for operational management; Identifies waste arising, establishes programme to minimize the generation of waste; Determines design and operational basis for: Treatment of effluents; Control of discharges; Clearance procedures. LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/47

Requirement 14: Scope of the safety case and supporting safety assessment (3) The SC and SA shall demonstrate the level of protection provided and shall provide assurance to the regulatory body that safety requirements will be met. Primary aim is to ensure that safety objectives and criteria set by regulatory body are met SC and SA address operational safety and all safety aspects of the facility and activities SC and SA include consideration for reducing hazards to workers, public and environment during normal operations and possible accident conditions Extent and detail of SC and SA are commensurate with complexity of the operations and the magnitude of the hazards LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/48

Requirement 15: Documentation of the safety case and supporting safety assessment (1) The safety case and its supporting safety assessment shall be documented at a level of detail and to a quality sufficient to demonstrate safety, to support the decision at each stage and to allow for the independent review and approval of the safety case and safety assessment. The documentation shall be clearly written and shall include arguments justifying the approaches taken in the safety case on the basis of information that is traceable. LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/49

Requirement 15: Documentation of the safety case and supporting safety assessment (2) Justification explaining choices, stating arguments for/against decisions made (especially main approaches taken) Traceability ability to follow information that is provided in the documentation and used in developing the SC Clarity good structure, presentation allows for understanding of the safety arguments and their bases Key elements in the documentation are justification, traceability and clarity. LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/50

Requirement 16: Periodic safety reviews The operator shall carry out periodic safety reviews and shall implement any safety upgrades required by the regulatory body following this review. The results of the periodic safety review shall be reflected in the updated version of the safety case for the facility. Periodic safety reviews are intended to confirm that input assumptions, that need to be complied with, remain adequately controlled and remain valid. Periodicity depends on requirements of regulatory body, and: Significant changes to facility/activity; Significant developments in knowledge (research, feedback); Emerging safety issues owing to incident or regulatory body concern; Significant improvements in assessment techniques (computer codes, input data). LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/51

Requirement 17: Location and design of facilities (1) Predisposal radioactive waste management facilities shall be located and designed so as to ensure safety for the expected operating lifetime under both normal and possible accident conditions, and for their decommissioning. LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/52

Requirement 17: Location and design of facilities (2) Design features depend on: Waste properties, total inventory and potential radiological and non-radiological hazards Requirements of the regulatory body Need to address maintenance, testing, examination and inspection LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/53

Requirement 18: Construction and commissioning of the facilities Predisposal radioactive waste management facilities shall be constructed in accordance with the design as described in the safety case and approved by the regulatory body. Commissioning of the facility shall be carried out to verify that the equipment, structures, systems and components, and the facility as a whole, perform as planned. While operator is responsible for constructing the facilities, the regulatory body is responsible for oversight of construction and verification activities; Depending on size/complexity of the facilities, commissioning may be carried out in stages – facility construction, equipment installation, demonstration of performance, and non-active and active commissioning LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/54

Requirement 19: Facility operation (1) Predisposal radioactive waste management facilities shall be operated in accordance with national regulations and with the conditions imposed by the regulatory body. Operations shall be based on documented procedures. Due consideration shall be given to the maintenance of the facility to ensure its safe performance. Emergency preparedness and response plans, if developed by the operator, are subject to the approval of the regulatory body. LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/55

Requirement 19: Facility operation (2) Operational limits, conditions and controls may be provided in the authorization, or may be in a separate document (technical specifications) All operations and activities important to safety have to be subject to documented limits, conditions and controls, and have to be carried out by trained, qualified and competent personnel All safety related criteria and documented operating procedures required by the regulatory body have to be submitted to the regulatory body for approval LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/56

Requirement 20: Shutdown and decommissioning of facilities The operator shall develop, in the design stage, an initial plan for the shutdown and decommissioning of the predisposal radioactive waste management facility and shall periodically update it throughout the operational period. The decommissioning of the facility shall be carried out on the basis of the final decommissioning plan, as approved by the regulatory body. In addition, assurance shall be provided that sufficient funds will be available to carry out shutdown and decommissioning The objective is to facilitate the future dismantling activities by reducing occupational exposures, minimizing the generation of waste and reducing the potential for accidents during decommissioning. Time periods between updates of the decommissioning plan will be dependent on the type of facility, operational history, and have to be agreed by the regulatory body. Particular consideration has to be given to any transfer of responsibility for the facility that may occur at this stage. LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/57

Requirement 21: System of accounting for and control of nuclear material For facilities subject to agreements on nuclear material accounting, in the design and operation of predisposal radioactive waste management facilities the system of accounting for and control of nuclear material shall be implemented in such a way as not to compromise the safety of the facility. Agreements on nuclear material are concluded in the framework of the Convention on non proliferation of nuclear weapons. LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/58

Requirement 22: Existing facilities The safety at existing facilities shall be reviewed to verify compliance with requirements. Safety related upgrades shall be made by the operator in line with national policies and as required by the regulatory body. LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/59

Summary Safety in predisposal management of radioactive waste is based on a broad spectrum of safety requirements, which are governed by the objective and principles of the Safety Fundamentals. Safety requirements must be met to ensure the protection of people and the environment, both now and in the future. All safety requirements are important, none of them has to be ignored. Safety cases are reviewed and updated. Checking and updating of knowledge is important. LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/60

Relevant Safety Guides 2003 2003 2005 2006 LB/GSR Part 5/Amman 2014-12-15/61

Thank you!