And how it changed the way people lived and worked! The Factory System And how it changed the way people lived and worked!

Essential Question: How did industrialization change the cities of England?

Set up your paper C-notes Style Every new heading is a new “chunk” in your notes You will need to record underlined information Bolded Yellow words should be circled in your notes Abbreviate and paraphrase however you would like, but make sure you can read it, and that you’re not missing any information (see example) Example Abbreviation/Paraphrasing: Growth of Industrial Cities Most European urban areas at least doubled in size Write: Growth of Indus. Cities Most Eur. Urban areas x2 in size

Industrialization Changes Ways of Life Growth of Industrial Cities Most European urban areas at least doubled in size Factories developed in clusters near power sources Industrial towns grew near natural resource pockets People moved to cities for jobs – rapid growth

Industrialization Changes Ways of Life Living Conditions No building or sanitary codes regulated growth Cities lacked proper services (police, fire, sewer, sanitation, schools) and adequate housing Sickness was widespread – life expectancy was short

Industrialization Changes Ways of Life Working Conditions Long workdays – 14 hours a day, 6 days a week Factories were dangerous (poor lighting, ventilation, heating, no safety features on machines), as were coal mines No disability plans if you are injured – you lose your job

Industrialization Changes Ways of Life Class Tensions Industry created a new, growing middle class Some grew wealthier than traditional aristocratic landowners Landowners still looked down on business people Upper and lower middle classes emerge Upper – doctors, lawyers, gov’t workers, factory managers Lower – factory overseers, printers, skilled workers Lived comfortably Workers still had poor standard of living Machines replaced them – Luddites (group of working class) destroyed machines

Industrialization Changes Ways of Life Positive Effects Created jobs and added wealth to the nation Creates better standard of living Immediate for middle class, later for workers Better housing Cheaper clothing and products Healthier, cheaper food Technological innovation and inventions

Child Labor During the Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution Labor In the early 1800’s, the growth of factories and product demand meant that business owners needed cheap labor. Women and children were paid much less than men for their work. They worked long hours in terrible and dangerous working conditions. These working conditions: increased poverty, led to many fatal accidents, and lowered life expectancy for people in cities

Women: The Labor Behind the Industry Women had different jobs than men, often in the same industries Due to poverty, many women were forced to find work outside their homes Domestic service, textile factories, piecework shops (where workers were paid by the piece), and coal mines. For some, new jobs allowed them extra money to spend and invest in the economy For others, they experienced increased poverty, isolation, and dependence on employers for day-to-day living. 19th-century women at work During the Industrial Revolution, division of labor occurred along gender lines. Women had different jobs than men, although they participated in many of the same industries during this period. High poverty rates among both single and married women forced many to find work outside their homes in domestic service, textile factories, piecework shops (where workers were paid by the piece), and coal mines. Some women found that new urban and rural work opportunities improved their way of life and gave them some extra spending money. Others encountered increased poverty, isolation, and dependence on employers for day-to-day sustenance.

Child Labor: Unlimited Hours Children used for labor due to their: Energy Small fingers, which could manipulate tiny parts of machines more easily. Children could be paid less than adults, and parents were quick to send their children to get more money. Children as young as four years old worked long, difficult days for very little pay. Children sometimes worked up to 19 hours a day with only one, hour-long break Factory children attend a Sunday school Factories employed many children, benefiting not just from their energy but also from their small fingers, which could manipulate tiny parts of machines more easily. Factories could also legally pay children less than adults, and parents were often eager to send their children to work and bring in more income for the family. Children as young as four years old worked long, difficult days for very little pay. Children sometimes worked up to 19 hours a day with single breaks of one hour or less.

“Scavengers” and “piecers” Child Labor: Dangers “Scavengers” and “piecers” Factory Dangers: Smallest and youngest children in textile factories usually worked as scavengers. They would pick up tiny pieces of loose cotton from under the machinery. Mine Dangers: Children as young as four years old worked as “trappers,” opening underground doors to let “hurriers” (also children) pull through loaded wagons. They worked in the dark because they could not afford candles, for up to 12 hours a day. Sometimes miners beat the children for falling asleep on the job. The smallest and youngest children in textile factories usually worked as scavengers. This very dangerous task involved picking up tiny pieces of loose cotton from under the machinery. Working conditions in British mines were perhaps even worse. An 1842 Parliamentary Committee reporting on mines found that many children were working under intolerable circumstances. Children as young as four years old worked as “trappers,” opening underground doors to let “hurriers” (also children) pull through loaded wagons. Often working in the dark because they could not afford candles, children labored in these conditions up to 12 hours a day. The Parliamentary Committee further reported that miners beat the children for falling asleep on the job.

Child Labor: Punishment It was difficult to keep up with the pace required in the factories—mainly because they were often malnourished and disabled. Many children were beaten for falling behind. They were also beaten or docked pay for arriving to work late and for talking to other children. Apprentices who ran away from factories sometimes faced prison sentences. Despite all of this, family poverty forced many children to go to work. Child laborers, most of whom came from severely impoverished backgrounds frequently found it impossible to keep up with the pace required in the factories—primarily because they were often malnourished and debilitated. Many children were beaten for falling behind. They were also beaten or docked pay for arriving to work late and for talking to other children. Apprentices who ran away from factories sometimes faced prison sentences. Despite terrible working conditions, meager pay, and vicious punishments, family poverty forced many children to go to work.

Key Concepts: Life changes with the advent of the factory system Cities grow rapidly and unchecked during this period Living and working conditions are poor for labor New middle class emerges Despite negative aspects, the standard of living for all is eventually raised

When you are done with your notes 1. Put your notes in your binder (page 5 in your social studies section) 2. Log in to Achieve3000 Select “Social Studies” from the drop box Open article titled “Global Conflicts: Putting an End to Child Labor” Complete polls, article and activity 3. Get on Brainpop, log in to access my class (Thomas SS) If you haven’t done this before, sign up and input my class code: 7SSThomas Go to Assignments and complete Time Zone X: Industrial Revolution Game