Cell Types and Cell Structures Topic 2 Cell Types and Cell Structures

Living things are made of…. Cells!!!

Bacterial Cells (unicellular) Prokarote Obj 6 Bacterial Cells (unicellular) Prokarote

An amoeba (unicellular) Eukaryote Obj 7 An amoeba (unicellular) Eukaryote

Plants (multicellular) Eukaryotic Obj 7 Plants (multicellular) Eukaryotic

Animals (multicellular) Eukaryotic Obj 7 Animals (multicellular) Eukaryotic

The Cell Theory OBJ 4 Two BIG ideas All living things are composed of cells All cells come from other cells Other parts of Cell Theory Cells are the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living thing Activity of the organism depends on the total activity of the independent cells Energy flow occurs within cells All cells have the same biochemical composition (made of protein, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids)

What structures do all cells have in common? OBJ 6,7 What structures do all cells have in common? All cells contain nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) All cells have ribosomes and make proteins All cells have a cell membrane

HOW DO PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS COMPARE?

Obj 8 PROKARYOTIC (bacterial) CELL EUKARYOTIC CELL

Obj 6,7 Two Basic Cell Types Organelles No organelles

How do Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes differ? OBJ 8 How do Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes differ? Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Structurally simpler Membrane bound organelles Nucleoid - Coiled DNA, free in cytoplasm Nucleus (contains DNA) Size 10 to 100 micrometers Size 1 t0 10 micrometers Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals Bacteria and Archaea Most have a cell wall Plants have a cell wall

Plant cells vs. Animal cells OBJ 8 Plant cells vs. Animal cells Plant cells Animal cells Cell wall Cell Membrane only Chloroplasts and Mitochondria Mitochondria only Large water vacuole

Cell Organelles

Organelle Functional groups Manufacturing Nucleus Ribosomes ER (Rough & Smooth) Golgi apparatus Breakdown/storage Lysosomes Vacuoles Energy Processing Mitochondria Chloroplasts Support, Movement, Communication Cytoskeleton (includes cilia & flagella) Cell membrane Cell Wall

Cell Membrane Obj 6, 7 Barrier between the outside and inside of a cell Consists of…. Phospholipids Transport proteins Cholesterols (fluidity) Carbohydrates (cell surface markers)

Cytoplasm Obj 6,7 Gel like substance that is inside the cell membrane. Organelles are imbedded in it Contains dissolved substances Location of many biochemical reactions

Ribosome Obj 6,7 Not membrane bound Made up of protein and RNA Involved in Protein Synthesis Can be free in the cytoplasm or attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum TEM images of ribosome’s

Nucleus Obj 7 Location of most of the cells DNA DNA in chromatin form (DNA wound around special proteins) Nuclear envelope - double membrane with pores TEM image of a plant cell

Obj 7 Nucleolus Makes ribosomal RNA - important ingredient in protein synthesis

Mitochondrion Obj 7 Singular form for mitochondria Start here with C-block

Obj 7 Mitochondria Double membrane structure that is the site of aerobic respiration - energy conversion process Membrane contains many transport proteins that are used in aerobic respiration Sometimes called the “power house” of the cell TEM image of a Mitochondria

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Obj 7 Rough ER Part of the internal membrane system (endomembrane system) Provides division of space with in the cell Rough ER has attached ribosome’s Location of protein synthesis Forms vesicles that deliver “products” to the Golgi apparatus Start here with G

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Obj 7 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic Reticulum Obj 7 Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi Apparatus Obj 7 Part of the internal membrane system Forms vesicles for exocytosis Releases “products” to the external environment Also forms lysosomes

Obj 7 ER and Golgi Apparatus

Lysosomes Obj 7 Membrane bound Contains enzymes Formed by the golgi apparatus Fuse with vesicles formed by endocytosis - enzymes digest (intercellular digestion) Breakdown damaged cell structures

Dynamic Cell: Organelles work together Dynamic Cell: Organelles work together!Rough ER, Golgi Apparatus, lysosomes, food vacuoles and cell membrane

Chloroplasts Obj 7 Found in plant cells Location of Photosynthesis

Obj 7 Chloroplasts Light microscope image

Vacuole Obj 7 Water storage in plant and animal cells Plant cells have a large central water vacuole Food vacuoles exist in many organisms

Cell Wall Obj 6,7 Rigid structure found in plants and most prokaryotes Gives plants structure Matrix of polysaccharides (cellulose) and proteins

Obj 6, 7 Cell Wall

Obj 6, 7 Cytoskeleton Provides structure and shape to the inside of cells Organizes and anchors some organelles

Obj 6, 7 Cytoskeleton

Flagella Obj 6, 7 E. coli Bundled microtubules Surrounded by the plasma membrane

Obj 6, 7 Cilia Microtubules Rhythmic motion produces movement

Centrioles Obj 7 Structure involved in forming microtubules Involved in cell replication

Organelle Functional groups Manufacturing Nucleus Ribosomes ER (Rough & Smooth) Golgi apparatus Breakdown/storage Lysosomes Vacuoles Energy Processing Mitochondria Chloroplasts Support, Movement, Communication Cytoskeleton (includes cilia & flagella) Cell membrane Cell Wall

The Dynamic Cell

Why must cells be small? Enough materials and internal structures OBJ 5 Why must cells be small? Enough materials and internal structures Surface area to volume ratio

Surface Area to Volume Ratio OBJ 5 Surface Area to Volume Ratio