Chapter 8 last part of lecture

DNA Microarrays monitor the expression of thousands of genes in one experiment MOVIE

Cluster Analysis used to identify sets of genes that are coordinately regulated The expression of 8600 genes (Columns) were analyzed under 12 time points. Red represents increase in expression green a decrease relative to untreated cells.

Cells can be genetically engineered to carry different types of mutations

Embryonic Stem (ES) cells can be genetically engineered and used to make a new animal

The genetically engineered ES cells are used to generate a chimeric animal, which is then used to make completely ES-derived animals

Chapter 15 Cell Communication

Signaling Cascade

Receptors can be on the cell surface or within the cell

Types of extracellular signaling

Types of extracellular signaling cont’d.

Endocrine signaling

Synaptic Signaling

Autocrine signaling

Signaling through channels found within the membrane MOVIE

Cells receive multiple stimuli that produce different responses MOVIE

The same ligand can have different effects depending upon the target cell line

Steroid hormones are lipophilic and interact with receptors found within the cell

Steroid receptors are transcription factors that are activated by binding to their ligand

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Signaling cascade serves to amplify the extracellular signal

Signaling Pathways from different Receptors overlap “cross-talk”