Figure 3 Characterization of anatomical damage

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Figure 3 Characterization of anatomical damage Figure 3 | Characterization of anatomical damage. a | Brain maps derived from patients with chronic stroke caused by damage to subcortical brain regions ('subcortical') with or without extension to the cortex ('cortical'). The colour scale represents the voxel-wise 'impairment weighting', i.e. the contribution that damage in a brain area is likely to make to motor impairment. Blue represents the areas where damage is highly likely to cause motor impairment: these areas extend into cortical regions for the 'cortical' patients. Analysis was performed using a multivoxel pattern analysis tool PRoNTo. b | The mean impairment weightings for four different regions of interest in patients with cortical or subcortical stroke damage. Whereas damage within corticospinal tract accounted for impairment in the subcortical group (red asterisk), damage in sensorimotor areas accounted for more impairment in the cortical group (blue asterisk)136. Damage in a whole brain mask of white matter and grey matter contributed to impairment in patients with cortical but not subcortical stroke damage. c | A brain map of cortical and subcortical brain regions important for sensorimotor function (colours represent different anatomical regions from the automated anatomical labelling atlas), together with a corticospinal tract map78. d | A machine-learning regression approach showed that damage to voxels contained in the map in part c accounted for 68% of motor impairment in 50 patients with chronic stroke, as illustrated in the graph of predicted motor impairment plotted against real motor impairment in these patients. The same analysis using only the corticospinal tract region of interest accounted for only 42% of the motor impairment, suggesting that knowledge of damage to a range of motor related brain structures, not just corticospinal tract, is important for predicting outcome137. Parts a and b modified with permission from BMJ Publishing group ltd. © Park, C.-H., Kou, N. & Ward, N. S. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry (2016). Parts c and d modified with permission from Elsevier © Rondina, J. et al. NeuroImage Clin. 12, 372–380 (2016). Parts a and b modified with permission from BMJ Publishing group ltd. © Park, C.-H., Kou, N. & Ward, N. S. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry (2016). Parts c and d modified with permission from Elsevier © Rondina, J. et al. NeuroImage Clin. 12, 372–380 (2016). Ward, N. S. (2017) Restoring brain function after stroke — bridging the gap between animals and humans Nat. Rev. Neurol. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2017.34